Effect of sensor modelling methods on computation of 3-D coordinates from Cartosat-1 stereo data

The orbital and the rational polynomial coefficients (RPC) models are the two most commonly used models to compute a three-dimensional coordinates from an image stereo-pair. But it is still confusing that with the identical user provided inputs, which one of these two models provides more accurate digital elevation model (DEM), especially for mountainous terrain. This study aimed to find out the answer by evaluating the impact of used models on the vertical accuracy of DEM extracted from Cartosat-1 stereo data. We used high-accuracy photogrammetric DEM as the reference DEM. Apart from general variations in statistics, surprisingly in a few instances, both the DEMs provided contrasting results, thus proving the significance of this study. The computed root mean square errors and linear error at 90% (LE90) were lower in case of RPC DEM for various classes of slope, aspect and land cover, thus suggesting its better relative accuracy.     

考虑地球曲率影响的重力中间层校正计算及其精度分析

介绍一种考虑地球曲率影响的“球冠模型” 重力中间层校正算法,并通过不同算例对比该算法与以往“圆柱体模型”算法之间的差值。结果表明,其差值的数量级最大可达0.4 mGal。     

Failure Pressure Analysis of Corroded Moderate-to-High Strength Pipelines

Based on the elastic-plastic, large-deformation finite element method, burst capacity of steel pipeline with longitudinal corrosion defect subjected to internal pressure is studied. The appropriate stress-based criterion is used to predict the failure pressure of finite element model of corroded pipeline under internal pressure. By considering the pipe steel grades and geometries of corrosion defects, a series of finite element analyses is conducted. The effects of corrosion depth, length and width on burst capacity are also discussed. A specific failure pressure solution for the assessment of corrosion defects in moderate-to-high strength pipeline is proposed on the base of numerical results. The failure pressures predicted by the proposed method are in better agreement with the experimental results than the results by the other methods.     

Automated Extraction of a Five‐Year LA‐ICP‐MS Trace Element Data Set of Ten Common Glass and Carbonate Reference Materials: Long‐Term Data Quality,Optimisation and Laser Cell Homogeneity

LA‐ICP‐MS is increasingly applied to obtain quantitative multi‐element data with minimal sample preparation, usually achieved by calibration using reference materials (RMs). However, some ubiquitous RMs, for example the NIST SRM 61× series glasses, suffer from reported value uncertainties for certain elements. Moreover, no long‐term data set of analyses conducted over a range of ablation and tuning conditions exists. Thus, there has been little rigorous examination of the extent to which offsets between measured and reported values are the result of error in these values rather than analytically induced fractionation. We present new software (‘LA‐MINE’), capable of extracting LA‐ICP‐MS data with no user input, and apply this to our system, yielding over 5 years of data (~ 5700 analyses of ten glass and carbonate RMs). We examine the relative importance of systematic analytical bias and possible error in reported values through a mass‐specific breakdown of fourteen of the most commonly determined elements. Furthermore, these data, obtained under a wide range of different ablation conditions, enable specific recommendations of how data quality may be improved, for example the role of diatomic gas, the effect of differential inter‐glass fractionation factors and choice of transport tubing material. Finally, these data demonstrate that the two‐volume Laurin ablation cell is characterised by no discernible spatial heterogeneity in measured trace element ratios.     

西秦岭阳山金矿带控矿因素、找矿标志及深部成矿预测

目前对西秦岭阳山金矿带勘查评价正在加速进行,为了进一步查明该矿带成矿规律和找矿潜力,指导矿田深部勘查找矿工作,武警黄金第十二支队在矿区开展了深部矿产调查和研究。文章在前人研究的基础上,通过最新的地质、地球物理勘查和室内综合研究,分析和总结了阳山金矿带主要控矿因素和找矿标志以及各因素的控矿机制。研究显示:区内的北东东向、近东西向断裂系统多沿葛条湾-草坪梁复背斜南翼层间褶皱岩层薄弱面或不同岩性接触面发育,在成矿过程中起到通道作用,限定了矿体的展布,为主要控矿因素。在明确找矿标志的基础上,以安坝矿段为研究对象,采用三维地质建模找矿信息量法进行了定量成矿预测,共圈定出深部找矿靶区4处,为矿区下一步的勘查指明了方向。     

全球N-MORB和E-MORB分类方案对比

N-MORB与E-MORB是大洋中脊玄武岩常用的分类,二者地球动力学意义不同,备受学术界关注。对于N-MORB与E-MORB的分类识别标志,不同作者有不同的见解。MORB中可以根据Rb/Nd≤0.15、K/Ti≤0.11、(La/Sm)_N≤0.8、K_2O/TiO_20.09、ΔNb=1.74+lg(Nb/Y)-1.92lg(Zr/Y)0、(La/Sm)_N1、100K_2O/TiO_2≤13等7种指标来识别N-MORB,否则为E-MORB。究竟何种标志区分效果较好、比较适合大多数MORB的情况?学术界对此还较少有人讨论。为此,本文尝试利用大数据方法,采用全球全体扩张中心数据,对上述7种标志进行对比,发现(La/Sm)_N1的标志比较适合大多数MORB的情况。为此,我们将(La/Sm)_N1和(La/Sm)_N≥1的所有数据,选取La、Ce、Pr、Nd、Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm、Yb、Lu、Ba、Cs、Hf、K、Nb、Pb、Rb、Sc、Sr、Ta、Th、Ti、Tl、U、V、Y、Zr等31个元素,利用两两元素对数比值进行投图,并计算85%置信度的置信椭圆交叠率,共得出36856个元素对组合,根据最小交叠率的原则,得出使用稀土元素La、Ce、Pr、Sm和其他高场强元素Nb、Zr、Hf、Y之间的比值关系判别效果较好。我们又利用以上得出的8种元素进行投图判定,发现以La为分子或以La/Hf、La/Zr元素比值做为区分标志可以得出更好的结果。因此建议考虑应用以上元素之间的相关关系共同判定N-MORB与E-MORB。     

基于面向对象分类的稀土开采区遥感信息提取方法研究

离子吸附型稀土矿是我国宝贵的矿产资源,运用遥感影像分类技术提取稀土开采区可以准确地实现对稀土开采状况的监测,但仅利用光谱信息往往难以保证分类精度。本文以江西寻乌稀土矿区为研究区,以IKONOS影像为数据源,应用面向对象分类方法提取了稀土开采区的遥感信息。针对稀土开采区的分布特点,选择基于边缘的分割算法进行影像分割;结合地形信息、光谱信息及几何信息建立规则集,进行特征提取;最后采用隶属度函数法实现面向对象分类,并与传统的光谱角填图分类进行对比分析。研究结果表明,面向对象分类法提取稀土开采区的总体精度为92.49%,Kappa系数为0.857 6,与传统监督分类方法相比有了很大的提高。     

Object- and pixel-based classifications of macroalgae farming area with high spatial resolution imagery

Macroalgae plays an important role in coastal ecosystems. The accurate delineation of macroalgae areas is important for environmental management. This study compared the pixel- and object-based methods using Gaofen satellite no. 2 image to explore an efficient classification approach. Expert system rules and nearest neighbour classifier were adopted for object-based classification, whereas maximum likelihood classifier was implemented in the pixel-based approach. Normalized difference vegetation index, normalized difference water index, mean value of the blue band and geometric characteristics were selected as features to distinguish macroalgae farms by considering the spectral and spatial characteristics. Results show that the object-based method achieved a higher overall accuracy and kappa coefficient than the pixel-based method. Moreover, the object-based approach displayed superiority in identifying Porphyra class. These findings suggest that the object-based method can delineate macroalgae farming areas efficiently and be applied in the future to monitor the macroalgae farms with high spatial resolution imagery.     

A geometric-based approach for road matching on multi-scale datasets using a genetic algorithm

Object matching is used in various applications including conflation, data quality assessment, updating, and multi-scale analysis. The objective of matching is to identify objects referring to the same entity. This article aims to present an optimization-based linear object-matching approach in multi-scale, multi-source datasets. By taking into account geometric criteria, the proposed approach uses real coded genetic algorithm (RCGA) and sensitivity analysis to identify corresponding objects. Moreover, in this approach, any initial dependency on empirical parameters such as buffer distance, threshold of spatial similarity degree, and weights of criteria is eliminated and, instead, the optimal values for these parameters are calculated for each dataset. Volunteered geographical information (VGI) and authoritative data with different scales and sources were used to assess the efficiency of the proposed approach. According to the results, in addition to an efficient performance in various datasets, the proposed approach was able to appropriately identify the corresponding objects in these datasets by achieving higher F-Score.     

Design principles for origin-destination flow maps

Origin-destination flow maps are often difficult to read due to overlapping flows. Cartographers have developed design principles in manual cartography for origin-destination flow maps to reduce overlaps and increase readability. These design principles are identified and documented using a quantitative content analysis of 97 geographic origin-destination flow maps without branching or merging flows. The effectiveness of selected design principles is verified in a user study with 215 participants. Findings show that (a) curved flows are more effective than straight flows, (b) arrows indicate direction more effectively than tapered line widths, and (c) flows between nodes are more effective than flows between areas. These findings, combined with results from user studies in graph drawing, conclude that effective and efficient origin-destination flow maps should be designed according to the following design principles: overlaps between flows are minimized; symmetric flows are preferred to asymmetric flows; longer flows are curved more than shorter or peripheral flows; acute angles between crossing flows are avoided; sharp bends in flow lines are avoided; flows do not pass under unconnected nodes; flows are radially distributed around nodes; flow direction is indicated with arrowheads; and flow width is scaled with represented quantity.