二维地质体的瞬变电磁场响应特征

直接从时间域出发 ,应用时域有限差分方法 (FDTD)分析地下和地面的瞬变响应。由于二维情况便于图形表示 ,采取了线源二维地电模型。通过对二层均匀地电结构和含二维低阻体时地面垂直感生电动势曲线的计算 ,说明瞬变场响应有滞后现象 ,即异常地质体一旦引起瞬变响应 ,就会往后延时 ,并使响应延续较长时间。在实际的工程勘察中 ,曾用 3～ 5ms以后的延迟时间探测过较浅的异常体 ,如 2 0m至 150m深度范围内的地下老窑采空区 ,并取得了较好的探测效果 ,上述数字模拟结果为以往的实践提供了理论依据     

工业测量系统最新进展及应用

主要介绍了四种工业测量系统，即经纬仪、全站仪、激光跟踪以及数字近景摄影测量系统的原理及最新进展，还介绍了工业测量系统在天线检测、顶管施工、大坝变形监测及水库闸门检测等领域的实际应用情况。     

放牛沟硫铁多金属矿床汞的地球化学异常特征

放牛沟矿床中的矿物、岩石及矿石含汞量的差异说明汞的次生地球化学异常来自矿体,特别是PbZn矿体。壤中气汞(Hg°)、土壤吸附汞(△Hg)及全汞(THg)异常套合出现是PbZn矿体的可靠标志。全汞异常能反映浅部矿体;吸附汞和壤中气汞异常不但反映浅部矿体,还能指示盲矿体及含矿断裂。根据汞的地球化学异常特征的研究,结合地质、土壤和岩石地球化学勘查结果,提出了两处找矿有希望地段。     

太平洋大尺度环流数值模拟 I:数学模式及其性能

本工作基于曾庆存的海洋环流模式设计思想和大气物理研究所海洋环流模式(IAPOGCM)基本动力框架,设计并实现了四层太平洋环流模式;同时引进稳定有效的时间积分方案和海表热通量参数化方法,对太平洋大尺度环流进行了较为系统的数值模拟. 本文首先导出消除“刚盖”近似、扣除海洋标准层结、保持总有效能量守恒的OGCM基本方程组;给出空间差分格式和时间积分方案,引入海表热通量计算方法;然后,在太平洋区域对所设计的四层OGCM的一些模式性能进行了分析、表明,时间积分方案采用基于“灵活性系数”技术的加速收敛方法和适应过程中流场正压斜压进一步分解算法,同时采取一些技术处理,可确保模式稳定而有效地进行长时间数值积分、有效能量分析表明,与海面起伏相联系的有效表面位能是总有效能量的重要组成部分,它与动能同量级甚至更大些,因此在OGCM中须考虑有效表面位能与其它能量间的转换机制,这在物理上更加合理,而采用“刚盖”近似则是不合理的;同时,扣除海洋标准层结,缩小了位能与动能之间的量级差别,有利于长期数值积分的稳定进行.此外,这个模式能直接计算海面起伏和分析有效能量,使得表面流场和上层海洋热储率的模拟比已有文献的结果有明显的改进.除模式设计外,本部分只给出模式的基本性能,系统的模拟结果将在第Ⅱ,Ⅲ两部分发表.     

北半球大气臭氧和气温的关系

本文根据北半球21个臭氧站1979年7月1—31日逐日日平均臭氧总量与日平均10—200hPa气温资料,分析了逐日臭氧变化与气温变化的相互联系和影响。结果发现,臭氧总量变化落后于50—200hPa层气温变化,超前于5—50hPa层气温变化。     

Combination of single and sequential chemical extractions to study the mobility and host phases of potentially toxic elements in airborne particulate matter

Risk assessment of metals associated to airborne particulate matter (PM) has usually been based on the analysis of their total concentrations, which is a poor indicator of metal mobility. Chemical fractionation processes may provide an additional level of information, however, chemical complexity and small sample sizes do not allow to combine several extraction methods. Additionally, analysing the metal concentrations during the extractions exceptionally provides restricted information about metals’ speciation. To overcome these limitations we collected total suspended particulate matter (TSP) samples from the air filters placed in the air supply channel of methane-heated turbines of thermal power stations which allows collecting large amounts of TSP materials. Additionally, we combined single and sequential chemical extractions in which not only the concentrations of potentially toxic elements (PTE) (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) but also that of the major chemical components (Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Ti) were analysed. Our aims were to study these metals’ mobility and speciation through the study of their association to major chemical components.Accumulation of the studied PTEs in the TSP material suggests moderate contamination for Ni, Cd and Cr whereas a heavy one for Cu, Zn and Pb. Three groups of these PTEs could be distinguished based on their mobility. The highly mobile Zn and Cd (large ratios of water and weak acid soluble fractions) can be considered as especially harmful elements to environment. The moderately mobile Pb and Cu (large ratios of reducible and oxidizable fractions, respectively) may potentially have a negative effect on the environment, whereas the immobile Cr and Ni cannot be expected to pose a serious risk. Based on the statistical evaluation of extraction data, the potential phases for Zn and Cu are presented by metal-sulphates, -nitrates, -chlorides, -carbonates and -hydroxides, as well as sorbed forms. Lead primarily hosted by metal-carbonates and sorbed forms, as well as by -hydroxides, whereas Cu by organic matter. Finally, Cr and Ni are mostly incorporated into very resistant phases, most probably by magnetite or other resistant metal-oxides.Combination of single and sequential extractions, as well as that of the analysis of not only the target elements but also the major chemical components were found to be a very effective tool to study the host phases of PTEs in the TSP material. The necessity for relatively large sample amounts for such analyses could be fulfilled using special sampling methodology; however, obvious disadvantages of this kind of sampling must be taken into account when resulted data are evaluated.     

Spatial sediment variability in a tropical tide dominated estuary: Sources and drivers

Surficial sediment composition and spatial variability reflect the dynamics and level of natural and anthropogenic impact in estuarine systems. The aim of this study is to evaluate some key environmental and sedimentary variables, as well as to evaluate the current environmental quality in the tide-dominated Caravelas estuarine system (Brazil). Sixty-five surficial sediment samples were studied for grain size as well as calcium carbonate, total organic carbon, total nitrogen, metals, semi-metals and rare earth elements and for organic matter δ¹³C. Based on the spatial distribution of these data and summarizing our findings, three sectors can be individualized in the Caravelas estuarine system: i. Barra Velha inlet; ii. the main channel of the Caravelas estuary, and iii. the channel interconnecting Caravelas and Nova Viçosa estuaries. In the inlet the sedimentary organic matter is provided essentially by marine sources, which corroborates the small continental input. Freshwater dissolved organic carbon and particulate organic carbon occur in the interconnecting channel, proving the occurrence of the residual transport towards the Caravelas estuary, with continental contribution towards Caravelas River. The geochemical fingerprint indicates that the Barreiras Group, composed by Neogene terrigenous deposits, located west of the study area, as an important source of terrigenous material to the entire Caravelas estuary system. The higher values of heavy rare earth elements (between 20 and 30 mg kg⁻¹) in the northern sector of the study area may be related to the high degree of chemical weathering in magmatic or metamorphic rocks, which occur to the north of the study area.     

基于移动Chapman－Millre方法的汶川Ms8．0地震电离层异常研究

基于IGS全球电离层TEC地图数据,提取到汶川地震上空TEC时间序列。使用移动Chapman－Miller太阳日变化分析方法,研究了地震前后15天TEC异常现象。结果显示,地震前6天（除5月9日外） TEC都出现了不同程度的减小现象,5月9日TEC周日峰值出现延迟现象;5月3日,即地震前第9天出现了TEC增大现象。离发震时刻较远的4月29日出现了TEC减小现象;震后3天也出现了明显的减少现象。排除磁暴等因素后,认为这些异常现象可能是汶川地震引起的地震－电离层耦合效应。     

不同TEC分布模式对星载SAR立体定位精度的影响及校正

基于SAR成像模型和R-D定位模型,分析了电离层对星载SAR立体定位精度的影响,提出了相应的校正方法,并进行了仿真实验。实验表明对于特定波长的SAR信号,不同TEC分布模式组合对SAR立体像对定位精度的影响不同,校正效果也不同:当两幅影像对应的TEC分布均匀且大小相同时,电离层对SAR立体定位精度的影响小到可以忽略;当两幅影像由于拍摄季节不同导致TEC不同时,电离层影响很大,特别是距离向精度,其影响程度与两幅影像对应的TEC差值正相关,此时定向参数精化法校正效果很好;当电离层发生扰动时,电离层影响随着扰动程度的增大而增大,定向参数精化法有一定效果,但当电离层扰动很大时,校正效果明显减弱,还需要通过斜距直接校正法等其他方法予以校正。     

Lessons learned from the 2013 Calgary flood: Assessing risk of drinking water well contamination

A devastating flood occurred in southern Alberta on June 19, 2013, from greater than normal snowfalls in the Rocky Mountains and excess precipitation during the early spring that left soils saturated and unable to absorb any additional precipitation. This flood was Canada's most costly natural disaster, with five to six billion Canadian dollars in damages. The first objective of this study was to determine if the flood caused an increase in private drinking water well contamination in the Calgary Health Zone by comparing contamination rates to previous years. The second objective was to determine which environmental factors were associated with contamination during this flood event. Test results of total coliforms (TC) and Escherichia coli (EC) of private water wells were used to determine contamination. A geographically weighted Poisson regression analysis suggested that TC contamination was not associated with this flood. The EC contamination is positively associated with floodways, flood fringe, farms, and negatively associated with intermittent water (sloughs). These results suggest that for the 2013 flood, individual well characteristics are more important than surrounding geographic features. Thus, it is recommended that homeowners who live in a high-risk area ensure their wells are properly maintained to reduce risk of water well contamination.