3种格网改正数法实现DGN图形无缝坐标转换

2000国家大地坐标系启用后,城市原有的测绘成果需完成向2000国家大地坐标系的转换。针对DGN格式的图形文件开发了一套转换软件;采用格网改正法,结合武汉市系列比例尺DGN图形数据转换试验,分析比较了3种格网改正数方法的转换精度;总结了各种比例尺适宜的转换方法,对各地参心坐标系成果向CGCS2000的坐标系统转换具有一定的借鉴作用。     

2000年记录与全球变化研究

本文简要综述高分辨率近2000年气候与环境变化研究在PAGES中的重要性。PAGES／CLIVAR交岔报告指出的气候变率的诊断研究倚赖于树轮、珊瑚、冰芯等高分辨率代用资料所提供的详细古气候讯息。近来多次有关的国际会议将大大促进这方面研究。我国从丰富的历史文献资料提取的古气候讯息取得很大成功，近年冰芯和树轮研究亦有重要进展，但总体上看比较薄弱，需要大力加强，通力合作，加快步伐，以适应全球变化研究的需要。     

2000年上半年全球地震活动

2000年上半年全球共发生MW≥6．5地震14次。其中MW≥7．0地震7次；浅源地震10次；中源地震3次；深源地震1次。浅源大地震发生的区域集中于印度尼西亚和南印度洋地区。6月份发生的地震所释放的地震矩占上半年全球所有地震释放的地震矩的一大半。     

基于JPEG2000的ROI编码在WebGIS中的应用研究

万维网地理信息系统(WebGIS)是地理信息系统(GIS)发展的必然趋势，但在图像传输和保存方面还有很多尚待解决的问题。本文根据网络图像传输特点，研究了基于JPEG2000的网络地理信息系统图像感兴趣区域(ROI)编码方法。试验表明：这种编码方法对WebGIS中图像压缩具有良好的效果，与传统的压缩方法相比可以明显增加图像的压缩比，可提高传输速率，具有重要的应用价值。     

The Energy Balance Experiment EBEX-2000. Part III: Behaviour and quality of the radiation measurements

An important part of the Energy Balance Experiment (EBEX-2000) was the measurement of the net radiation and its components. Since the terrain, an irrigated cotton field, could not be considered homogeneous, radiation measurements were made at nine sites using a variety of radiation instruments, including pyranometers, pyrgeometers and net radiometers. At several of these sites multiple instruments were employed, which enabled us to compare instruments and assess accuracies. At all sites the outgoing longwave and shortwave radiation and the net radiation were measured, while the incoming radiation was supposed to be uniformly distributed over the field and was therefore measured at three sites only. Net radiation was calculated for all sites from the sum of its four components, and compared with the direct measurement of net radiometers. The main conclusions were: (a) the outgoing shortwave radiation showed differences of up to 30 W m⁻² over the field; the differences were not clearly related to the irrigation events; (b) the outgoing longwave radiation showed differences of up to 50 W m⁻²; the differences increased during the periods of irrigation; (c) the net radiation showed differences of several tens of W m⁻² across the field, rising to 50 W m⁻² or more during the periods of irrigation; (d) the net radiation is preferably to be inferred from its four components, rather than measured directly, and (e) attention should be paid to the characteristics of pyranometers that measure the outgoing radiation, and thus are mounted upside down, while they are commonly calibrated in the upward position. The error in the net radiation at EBEX-2000 is estimated at max (25 W m⁻², 5%) per site during the day and 10 W m⁻² at night. The National Center for Atmospheric Research is supported by the National Science Foundation.     

V5-2000大地电磁测深仪文件头数据格式研究

V5-2000大地电磁测深仪由于其功能强、轻便、勘探范围大等特点,在国内已得到了广泛应用,但其后期数据解释软件却显得相对薄弱。要想解决解释软件的问题,首先所面临的是测量数据的格式问题。由于其保存的测量数据为特殊格式,为了便于对V5-2000测量数据进行后期处理与分析,这里对V5-2000测量数据的特殊数据格式进行了剖析,并用现今流行的,面向对象化的VB6.0编程语言,编写了相关读取及修改程序,以作为下一步的后期数据解释软件开发之基础。     

高分辨率区域重力场模型DQM2000

基于局部积分谱权综合法 ,选择国外重力场模型OSU91A和EGM96作为基础模型 ,利用中国地域2 0′× 2 0′、1 5′× 1 5′、1 0′× 1 0′和 5′× 5′平均重力异常 ,解算了一组高分辨率地球重力场系列模型DQM2 0 0 0 ,即DQM2 0 0 0A、DQM2 0 0 0B、DQM2 0 0 0C和DQM2 0 0 0D ,其完整阶次分别为 5 40、72 0、1 0 80和 2 1 60 ,采用内部符合和外部检核的方法以评价新模型的精度。     

Estimation of the spatial distribution of ground motion parameters for two recent earthquakes in Japan

A recent development in strong motion instrumentation in Japan provides an opportunity to collect valuable data sets, especially after moderate and large magnitude events. Gathering and modeling these data is a necessity for better understanding of regional ground motion characteristics. Estimations of the spatial distribution of earthquake ground motion plays an important role in early-stage damage assessments for both rescue operations by disaster management agencies as well as damage studies of urban structures. Subsurface geology layers and local soil conditions lead to soil amplification that contributes to the estimated ground motion parameters of the surface. We present a case study of the applicability of the nationally proposed GIS-based soil amplification ratios [J. Soil Dyn. Earthqu. Eng. 19 (2000) 41–53] to the October 6, 2000 Tottori-ken Seibu (western Tottori Prefecture) and the March 24, 2001 Geiyo earthquakes in Japan. First, ground motion values were converted to those at a hypothetical ground base-rock level (outcrop) using an amplification ratio for each 1×1 km area, based on geomorphological and subsurface geology information. Then a Kriging method, assuming an attenuation relationship at the base-rock as a trend component, is applied. Finally, the spatial distribution of ground motion at ground surface is obtained by applying GIS-based amplification factors for the entire region. The correlation between the observed and estimated ground motion values is reasonable for both earthquakes. Thus, the proposed method is applicable in near real-time early-damage assessments and seismic hazard studies in Japan.     

Population Estimation Error and Its Impact on 1991–1999 Cancer Rates*

The error of closure in the 2000 census, or the difference between estimated and enumerated populations, poses special problems for public agencies that rely on census data. Nationally and at the state level, populations were only slightly underestimated, but underestimations were high in rapidly growing counties in the South and intermontaine West, as well as in New York City. Race‐specific estimates proved far less reliable, with severe overestimates and underestimates of all racial groups in various counties nationwide. We offer explanations for the estimation error and discuss its impact on cancer rates and trends and its implications for cancer surveillance research.