地球表层运动和变形的GPS描述

利用IERS所公布的分在全球各大构造板块上的 6 5 7个GPS、SLR和VLBI连续观测站在ITRF框架下的速度场资料 ,采用刚体板块运动 +板块整体均匀应变 +板块内局部不均匀应变的变形分析模型 ,研究了全球各主要板块的运动和变形。结果表明板块的整体变形在统计上均不显著。在一级近似上板块间表现出来的整体相对运动显著 ,根据这些运动参数定量研究了板块边界的相对运动的大小和性质。认为地球的双重不对称变形可能主要表现为南北、东西两半球所含的板块边界的运动方式不同所致。板块内的局部不均匀变形明显 ,为板块内部可能应划分成次一级的活动地块提供了佐证。由于观测点分布的密度和均匀性不足 ,本文未能就板内不均匀变形作进一步的深入讨论。     

大地电磁法数据的采集及质量分析

由于大地电磁测深法勘探的轻便和有效，其作为深层构造研究的重要手段越来越受到重视。以V5-2000大地电磁测深仪为例，阐述了大地电磁数据的野外采集过程和影响MT数据质量的一些因素以及提高数据丰富质量的措施。     

惠阳建立测绘基准转换关系概论

国家测绘局(国测国字〔2008〕24号)规定,自2008年7月1日起,启用2000国家大地坐标系,并明确其与现行国家大地坐标系转换、衔接的过渡期为8~10年。本文以惠阳建立测绘基准转换关系统一测绘基准为例,详细阐述此项工作的操作、依据、措施,评价新系统的质量精度等,供同业者参考。     

天文变量的计算

根据IUGG第十届全体会议决议，1984年起采用新的天文常数[1]，属于J2000．O系统。现在潮汐计算中仍普遍采用J1900．O系统的公式计算天文变量。本文依据2个系统的公式计算了天文变量。计算表明，依据新旧2个系统计算的天文变量对潮汐的计算造成的差异很小，J1900．O系统的计算公式仍可继续使用到2099年。尽管如此，本文认为目前在潮汐计算中应该根据IUGG第十届全体会议决议的要求采用J2000．O系统的公式计算天文变量。     

Distributions of Calanus spp. and other mesozooplankton in the Labrador Sea in relation to hydrography in spring and summer (1995-2000)

We collected mesozooplankton samples in the upper 100 m in spring or early summer each year between 1995 and 2000 along a section from Hamilton Bank (Labrador) to Cape Desolation (Greenland), and along additional sections in spring 1997 and early summer 1995. The North Atlantic waters of the central basin were characterised by the presence of the copepods Calanus finmarchicus, Euchaeta norvegica and Scolecithrocella minor and euphausiids. Calanus glacialis, Calanus hyperboreus and Pseudocalanus spp. were associated with the Arctic waters over the shelves. Amongst the other enumerated groups larvaceans were concentrated over the shelves and around the margins. Amphipods, pteropods and the copepods Oithona spp. and Oncaea spp. showed no definable relationships with water masses or bathymetry, while the diel migrant ostracods and chaetognaths were confined to deep water. Metrida longa, also a strong diel migrant, and Microcalanus spp., a mainly deep water species and possible diel migrant, were both sometimes quite abundant on the shelves as well as in the central basin, consistent with their likely Arctic origins.Analysis of community structure along the section across the Labrador Sea indicated that stations could be grouped into five different zones corresponding to: the Labrador Shelf; the Labrador Slope; the western and central Labrador Sea; the eastern Labrador Sea and Greenland Slope; and, the Greenland Shelf. The boundaries between zones varied spatially between years, but community composition was relatively consistent within a given zone and a given season (spring versus early summer). The relationship between community composition and water masses was not entirely straightforward. For example, Labrador Shelf water was generally confined to the shelf, but in spring 2000 when it also dominated the adjacent slope zone, the community in the Labrador Slope zone was similar to those found in other years. Conversely, in spring 1997, when Arctic organisms were unusually abundant in the Labrador Slope zone, there was no increased contribution of shelf water. In addition, North Atlantic organisms were often found on the shelves when no slope or central basin water was present.Although other organisms were sometimes very abundant, the mesozooplankton preserved dry weight biomass was dominated everywhere by the three species of Calanus, which together always accounted for ≥70%. One species, C. finmarchicus, comprised >60% of the total mesozooplankton biomass and >80% of the abundance of large copepods in spring and summer throughout the central Labrador Sea. In western and central regions of the central basin average C. finmarchicus biomass was ca 4 g dry weight m⁻² and average abundance, ca 17?000 m⁻² over both seasons. Highest levels (ca 7 g dry weight m⁻², >100?000 m⁻²) occurred in the northern Labrador Sea in spring and in eastern and southwest regions in early summer. C. hyperboreus contributed ca 20% of the total mesozooplankton biomass in the central basin in spring and <5% in early summer, while C. glacialis accounted for <1%. Over the shelves, C. hyperboreus contributed a maximum of 54% and 3.6 g dry weight m⁻², and C. glacialis, a maximum of 29% and 1 g dry weight m⁻², to the total mesozooplankton biomass.     

High-resolution Echo-sounding and Detection of Embedded Archaeological Objects with Nonlinear Sub-bottom Profilers

Sub-bottom profilers based on nonlinear acoustics offer many advantages especially for detecting and locating embedded objects in shallow waters. They have a narrow beam in spite of small transducers and virtually no side lobes. It is possible to realize mobile low-frequent sub-bottom profilers, which transmit very short sound pulses. Excellent vertical as well as horizontal resolutions at reasonable penetrations are proven benefits of using this technique. In this paper some technical aspects are discussed and a new experimental nonlinear scanning sub-bottom profiler system is described. Results from a field trial in archaeological prospection are shown to illustrate the successful application in practice.     

WGS-84(G1674)与CGCS2000坐标转换研究

简要介绍了WGS-84(G1674)与2000国家大地坐标系(CGCS2000)的背景,说明两者之间进行坐标转换的必要性,举例说明了坐标转换模型及可行的模型参数求解策略,最后评定了可达到的转换精度。     

Do protected areas networks ensure the supply of ecosystem services? Spatial patterns of two nature reserve systems in semi-arid Spain

Protected areas are essential for conserving biodiversity, and these lands have traditionally been set aside for this purpose alone. However, the increasing global demand for agricultural and forestry commodities creates conflict and tradeoffs between dedicating land for conservation versus food production. Efforts to set aside new lands for biodiversity conservation are compromised by the globally rising demand, creating trade-offs between lands dedicated to conservation versus food production. Ecosystem services are the benefits that humans obtain from ecosystems. Recent studies suggest that protected areas provide social and economic benefits that can be used to build political support and raise funds for conservation. We analyzed the capability of current protected area networks in the semi-arid region of Spain to provide intermediate regulating services (habitat preservation for threatened species, climate regulation, erosion control and water flow maintenance) to support the final provisioning service of cultivated crops to support local communities. We found that existing networks of protected lands supply considerable quantities of ecosystem services, in particular carbon stocks and groundwater recharge. Our results demonstrate that the integration of systematic analyses of ecosystem services gaps in protected area planning could contribute substantially to safeguarding ecosystem services and biodiversity jointly. However, our study also reveals substantial differences in intermediate ecosystem services supplied by different of protected areas networks, with category VI areas (Natura-2000 sites) generally showing the highest potential for ecosystem services supply. This demonstrates the important role of Natura-2000 sites for preserving regulating services in the European semi-arid region.     

铀矿地质成果数据2000国家大地坐标系转换方法研究

通过对铀矿项目地质成果数据中的空间数据进行分析,把数量庞大的数据分为单点空间数据和图形空间数据两类。在EXCEL软件平台下,使用VBA编写空间数据平面四参数程序,实现四参数模型计算和所有单点坐标的2000国家坐标批量转换。又由于90%的铀矿地质成果图采用MapGIS格式,故采用EXCEL结合VBA在MapGIS二次开发平台上编写程序,实现对MapGIS格式图件的2000国家坐标系的批量转换。选择鄂尔多斯市巴音青格利铀矿地质普查项目进行空间数据2000国家大地坐标的转换,并对结果进行精度分析。结果表明:此方法在生产中精度可靠且容易操作,可以快速准确地完成铀矿地质资料空间数据的2000国家坐标系转换,值得在其他铀矿勘查地区推广。