Weather radar observations of the Hekla 2000 eruption cloud,Iceland

The Hekla eruption cloud on 26–27 February 2000 was the first volcanic cloud to be continuously and completely monitored advecting above Iceland, using the C-band weather radar near the Keflavík international airport. Real-time radar observations of the onset, advection, and waning of the eruption cloud were studied using time series of PPI (plan-position indicator) radar images, including VMI normal, Echotop, and Cappi level 2 displays. The reflectivity of the entire volcanic cloud ranges from 0 to >60 dBz. The eruption column above the vent is essentially characterised by VMI normal and Cappi level 2 values, >30 dBz, due to the dominant influence of lapilli and ash (tephra) on the overall reflected signal. The cloud generated by the column was advected downwind to the north-northeast. It is characterised by values between 0 and 30 dBz, and the persistence of these reflections likely result from continuing water condensation and freezing on ash particles. Echotop radar images of the eruption onset document a rapid ascent of the plume head with a mean velocity of ~30 to 50 m s^–1, before it reached an altitude of ~11–12 km. The evolution of the reflected cloud was studied from the area change in pixels of its highly reflected portions, >30 dBz, and tied to recorded volcanic tremor amplitudes. The synchronous initial variation of both radar and seismic signals documents the abrupt increase in tephra emission and magma discharge rate from 18:20 to 19:00 UTC on 26 February. From 19:00 the >45 dBz and 30–45 dBz portions of the reflected cloud decrease and disappear at about 7 and 10.5 h, respectively, after the eruption began, indicating the end of the decaying explosive phase. The advection and extent of the reflected eruption cloud were compared with eyewitness accounts of tephra fall onset and the measured mass of tephra deposited on the ground during the first 12 h. Differences in the deposit map and volcanic cloud radar map are due to the fact that the greater part of the deposit originates by fallout off the column margins and from the base of the cloud followed by advection of falling particle in lower level winds.Editorial responsibility: P. Mouginis-Mark     

Inversion of travel times obtained during active seismic refraction experiments CELEBRATION 2000, ALP 2002 and SUDETES 2003

A series of kinematic inversions based on robust non-linear optimization approach were performed using travel time data from a series of seismic refraction experiments: CELEBRATION 2000, ALP 2002 and SUDETES 2003. These experiments were performed in Central Europe from 2000 to 2003. Data from 8 profiles (CEL09, CEL10, Alp01, S01, S02, S03, S04 and S05) were processed in this study. The goal of this work was to find seismic velocity models yielding travel times consistent with observed data. Optimum 2D inhomogeneous isotropic P-wave velocity models were computed. We have developed and used a specialized two-step inverse procedure. In the first “parametric” step, the velocity model contains interfaces whose shapes are defined by a number of parameters. The velocity along each interface is supposed to be constant but may be different along the upper and lower side of the interface. Linear vertical interpolation is used for points in between interfaces. All parameters are searched for using robust non-linear optimization (Differential Evolution algorithm). Rays are continuously traced by the bending technique. In the second “tomographic” step, small-scale velocity perturbations are introduced in a dense grid covering the currently obtained velocity model. Rays are fixed in this step. Final velocity models yield travel time residuals comparable to typical picking errors (RMS ∼ 0.1 s). As a result, depth-velocity cross-sections of P waves along all processed profiles are obtained. The depth range of the models is 35–50 km, the velocity varies in the range 3.5–8.2 km/s. Lowest velocities are detected in near-surface depth sections crossing sedimentary formations. The middle crust is generally more homogeneous and has typical P wave velocity around 6 km/s. Surprisingly the lower crust is less homogeneous and the computed velocity is in the range 6.5–7.5 km/s. The MOHO is detected in the depth ≈30–45 km.     

我国常用大地坐标系与2000中国大地坐标系间的转换

2000中国大地坐标系的启用，对原来所有的测绘成果都将产生直接影响。实现我国常用坐标系的测绘成果和相关产品到2000中国大地坐标系的系统转换，需要研究确定我国常用坐标系与2000中国大地坐标系之间的转换关系。本文对几个坐标转换模型进行了比较，分析了我国常用坐标系与2000中国大地坐标系间的高、中、低三种不同精度的转换关系，统计分析了不同模型的转换精度。     

An improved and extended GPS-derived 3D velocity field of the glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) in Fennoscandia

We present a new GPS-derived 3D velocity field for the Fennoscandia glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) area. This new solution is based upon ∼3,000 days of continuous GPS observations obtained from the permanent networks in Fennoscandia. The period encompasses a prolongated phase of stable observation conditions after the northern autumn of 1996. Several significant improvements have led to smaller uncertainties and lower systematic errors in the new solutions compared to our previous results. The GPS satellite elevation cut-off angle was lowered to 10°, we fixed ambiguities to integers where possible, and only a few hardware changes occurred over the entire network. The GAMIT/GLOBK software package was used for the GPS analysis and reference frame realization. Our new results confirmed earlier findings of maximum discrepancies between GIA models and observations in northern Finland. The reason may be related to overestimated ice-sheet thickness and glaciation period in the north. In general, the new solutions are more coherent in the velocity field, as some of the perturbations are now avoided. We compared GPS-derived GIA rates with sea-level rates from tide-gauge observations, repeated precise leveling, and with GIA model computations, which showed consistency.     

Experimental constraints on syneruptive magma ascent related to the phreatomagmatic phase of the 2000<Emphasis Type="SmallCaps">AD</Emphasis> eruption of Usu volcano,Japan

We experimentally studied the dacitic magma ejected during the first event in the Usu 2000 eruption to investigate the conditions of syneruptive magmatic ascent. Geophysical data revealed that the magma reached under West Nishiyama, the location of the event’s craters, after rising beneath the summit. Prior study of bubble-size distributions of ejecta shows two stages (stage 1 and stage 2) with different magma ascent rates, as the magma accelerated beneath West Nishiyama with the start of the second stage. To simulate ascent of stage 1 from the main reservoir, which was located at a depth of 4–6 km (125 MPa) to 2 km (50 MPa) beneath West Nishiyama, decompression experiments were conducted isothermally at 900°C following two paths. Single step decompression (SSD) samples were decompressed rapidly (0.67 MPa/s) to their final pressure and held for 12 to 144 hours. Multiple step decompression (MSD) samples were decompressed stepwise to their final pressure and quenched instantly. In MSD, the average decompression rates and total experimental durations varied between 0.01389 to 0.00015 MPa/s and 1.5 to 144 hours, respectively. Syneruptive crystallization was confined to stage 1, and the conditions of ascent were determined by documenting similarities in decompression-induced crystallization between ejecta and experiments. Core compositions, number densities, and shapes of experimental microlites indicate that ascent to 2 km depth occurred in less than 1.5 h. Volumes and number densities of experimental microlites from the SSD experiments that best replicate the decompression rate to 2 km indicate that the magma remained at 2 km for approximately 24 h before the eruption. Stagnation at a depth of 2 km corresponds with horizontal transport through a dike from beneath the summit to West Nishiyama, according to geodetic results. The total magma transport timescale including stage 2 is tens of hours and is shorter than the timescale of precursory seismicity (3.5 days), indicating that the erupted magma did not move out of the reservoir for the first 2 days. This is consistent with the temporal change in numbers of earthquakes, which reached a peak after 2 days.     

对象关系型空间数据库MMP过滤算法及其优越性

 MMP(Minimum Maximum Points ) 过滤算法是对象关系型空间数据库中空间数据的高效过滤算法。通过对MMP算法原理的阐述及应用效果分析，说明MMP算法在实现海量空间数据检索中的优越性，即采用MMP过滤算法的速度比函数操作至少提高几十倍。     

亚洲板块运动欧拉参数的确定及其板内形变的分析

板块运动的欧拉参数是表征板块运动的最基本特征。地质模型和独立空间技术实测资料建立的ITRF序列模型都将欧亚板块视为一个整体,由于80%的台站集中在西欧,因此整个欧亚作为一个背景场来研究亚洲区域形变,不能真正反映亚洲板内形变。本文利用国际地球自转服务(IERS)发布的ITRF2000速度场,独立确定亚洲区域板块运动欧拉参数,进而分析亚洲区域现今板内形变,并与地质模型NNR-NUVEL1A和ITRF2000VEL模型得到的结果进行比较,揭示亚洲区域现今运动特征:中南部形变最大,向北逐渐减小,东西向拉伸,南北向收缩;亚洲东部地区相对于亚洲是一稳定的区域;另外亚洲西伯利亚地区不属于亚洲区域块体,而属于独立的稳定的欧亚构造块体,具有刚性块体特征。     

A new hybrid geoid model for Japan, GSIGEO2000

 The latest gravimetric geoid model for Japan, JGEOID2000, was successfully combined with the nationwide net of GPS at benchmarks, yielding a new hybrid geoid model for Japan, GSIGEO2000. The least-squares collocation (LSC) method was applied as an interpolation for fitting JGEOID2000 to the GPS/leveling geoid undulations. The GPS/leveling geoid undulation data were reanalyzed in advance, in terms of three-dimensional positions from GPS and orthometric heights from leveling. The new hybrid geoid model is, therefore, compatible with the new Japanese geodetic reference frame. GSIGEO2000 was evaluated internally and independently and the precision was estimated at 4 cm throughout nearly the whole region. Received: 15 October 2001 / Accepted: 27 March 2002 Acknowledgments. Messrs. Toshio Kunimi and Tadashi Saito at the Third Geodetic Division of the Geographical Survey Institute (GSI) mainly carried out the computations of most of the updated leveled heights. With regard to the reanalysis of GPS data, the discussions with Messrs. Yuki Hatanaka and Shoichi Matsumura of GSI were of great help in building the analysis strategy. Messrs. Kazuyuki Tanaka and Hiromi Shigematsu collaborated in the preparatory stages of GPS data computation. The authors' thanks are extended to these colleagues. Some plots were made by GMT software (Wessel and Smith 1991). Correspondence to: Y. Kuroishi     

从中国过去2000年温度变化看20世纪增暖

以重建的过去2000年中国东部地区冬半年温度距平序列为基础资料，从温度程度，冷暖变化速度和历史相似型3个方面，对20世纪增暖在过去2000年中的位置予以了详细分析。结果发现：虽然20世纪暖期的温度程度非常明显。但至目前为止，其温度程度和波动幅度均没有超过过去2000年曾经出现过的最高水平，20世纪增暖实质上是气候从寒冷阶段（小冰期）向温度阶段转变的快速升温过程，速率虽非常大（1.1℃/100年），但这一升温过程与过去2000年中其它气候由寒冷阶段向温暖阶段转变的过程相似，并不是唯一的。其中从百年际波动看，20世纪暖期的温度距平不但低于世纪暖期后期温暖时段（1200′s～1310′s），也低于隋唐暖期（570′s～770′s）及中世纪暖期前期的温暖时段（930′s～1100′s），从30年际变化30年相当；从年代际变化看，20世纪最暖年代的温度距平与中世纪暖期前期的最暖年代极为接近，另外，从中国过去2000年的冷暖阶段变化过程看，20世纪暖期的最可能相似型为隋唐暖期（570′s～770′sAD），而不是中世纪暖期，同时可能是由于受到195′s以后因人类活动导致的温室效应作用日益增大的影响，1980′s以后的升温速率明显加快。