Recent advances on reconstruction of climate and extreme events in China for the past 2000 years

China is distinguished by a prominent monsoonal climate in the east of the country, a continental arid climate in the northwest and a highland cold climate on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Because of the long history of Chinese civilization, there are abundant and well-dated documentary records for climate variation over the whole of the country as well as many natural archives (e.g., tree-rings, ice cores, stalagmites, varved lake sediments and corals) that enable high-resolution paleoclimatic reconstruction. In this paper, we review recent advances in the reconstruction of climate and extreme events over the last 2000 years in China. In the last 10 years, many new reconstructions, based on multi-proxies with wide spatial coverage, have been published in China. These reconstructions enable us to understand the characteristics of climate change across the country as well as the uncertainties of regional reconstructions. Synthesized reconstructed temperature results show that warm intervals over the last 2000 years occurred in AD 1–200, AD 551–760, AD 951–1320, and after AD 1921, and also show that cold intervals were in AD 201–350, AD 441–530, AD 781–950, and AD 1321–1920. Extreme cold winters, seen between 1500 and 1900, were more frequent than those after 1950. The intensity of regional heat waves, in the context of recent global warming, may not in fact exceed natural climate variability seen over the last 2000 years. In the eastern monsoonal region of China, decadal, multi-decadal and centennial oscillations are seen in rainfall variability. While the ensemble mean for drought/flood spatial patterns across all cold periods shows a meridional distribution, there is a tri-pole pattern with respect to droughts south of 25°N, floods between 25° and 30°N, and droughts north of 30°N for all warm periods. Data show that extreme drought events were most frequent in the periods AD 301–400, AD 751–800, AD 1051–1150, AD 1501–1550, and AD 1601–1650, while extreme flood events were frequent in the periods AD 101–150, AD 251–300, AD 951–1000, AD 1701–1750, AD 1801–1850, and AD 1901–1950. Between AD 1551–1600, extreme droughts and flood events occurred frequently. In arid northwest China, climate was characterized by dry conditions in AD 1000–1350, wet conditions in AD 1500–1850, and has tended to be wet over recent decades. On the northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, centennial-scale oscillations in precipitation have occurred over the last 1000 years, interrupted by several multi-decadal-scale severe drought events. Of these, the most severe were in the 1480s and 1710s. In southwest China, extreme droughts as severe as those seen in Sichuan and Chongqing in 2006 are known to have occurred during historical times.     

从魁北克2000-世纪湿地大事件活动看21世纪国际湿地科学研究的热点与前沿

介绍了魁北克 2 0 0 0 -世纪湿地大事件活动的主要内容和信息 ,结合收集到的国际上新的湿地研究文献资料 ,总结了国际湿地科学研究的前沿领域、热点、主要研究进展和发展趋势 ,对国际湿地科学研究进展加以简要概述 ,以此透视现代国际湿地科学研究一些新的动向和趋势。     

过去2000年东亚夏季风降水百年际变化特征及成因的模拟研究

利用地球系统模式CESM过去2 000年气候模拟试验结果,探讨了在百年尺度上东亚夏季风降水的时空变化特征及其成因,对于认识百年尺度气候变化规律、区分外强迫因子对东亚季风的影响有着重要的科学意义。研究表明:1东亚夏季风降水与温度基本同相变化,降水存在准100年、准150年和准200年周期。2降水标准化EOF第一模态为由北向南"负—正—负—正"的条带状空间分布,而EOF第二模态基本为全区一致的分布型态。3东亚夏季风降水准100年周期主要受太阳辐射、火山活动和气候系统内部变率的共同影响;准150年周期主要受太阳辐射的影响;准200年周期主要受太阳辐射和火山活动的影响。东亚夏季风降水在温带地区主要受温室气体和土地利用/覆盖的影响;在副热带地区主要受太阳辐射和火山活动的影响;在热带地区主要受太阳辐射、火山活动和气候系统内部变率的影响。     

基于CGCS2000的中国地壳水平运动速度场模型研究

首先介绍通过数据处理获取CGCS 2000(中国大地坐标系统2000)下点位坐标和速度场的方法,其次研究分析在CGCS 2000下建立满足中国大陆区域无整体旋转条件的中国大陆板块位移基准方法,计算得到的CGCS 2000下中国大陆区域的欧拉角速度是0.2997(°)/Ma,旋转极的位置为(64.77°N,94.093°E),最后利用计算获取的CGCS 2000下的国家高精度GPS网的坐标和速度值,采用有限元插值方法建立中国大陆区域地壳运动速度场模型,并初步分析CGCS2000下的中国大陆地壳运动整体趋势.通过本文的研究可以进一步维护和精化中国CGCS 2000的稳定性、动态性和精确性,也可对CGCS 2000坐标参考框架下的中国区域地壳运动特征的研究提供科学方法和高时空分辨率的基础数据.

Abstract：

Firstly, the processing strategy of obtaining the coordinate and velocity based on the CGCS 2000 (Chinese geocentric 3D coordinate system)is introduced. Secondly, a new plates displacement reference frame of Chinese mainland subjected to the regional No-Net-Rotation (NNR) conditions is researched, The results inferred the position of the Euler rotation pole of the Chinese mainland plates is (64, 77°N,94.093°E) and its rate is 0. 299 7(°)/Ma based on the CGCS 2000. Finally, Crustal movement velocity field of Chinese mainland are inferred through the precise result of CORS and national GPS network, and the model of crustal deformation velocity field has been established based on the adoptions of finite element interpolation method. On which, the regional crustal deformation characters of China mainland have been proximately analyzed. Based on the study of this paper, the precision, dynamics and reliability of CGCS 2000 would be further renewed and maintained, further more the basic data with high spatial-temporal resolution and scientific methods are referred to study characteristics of Chinese mainland crustal movement.     

基于S2000光谱仪的小型海面高光谱辐射计的研制

将普通的小巧型S2000光谱仪组装改造成用于海面测量的高光谱辐射计,安装在船只等移动平台上进行原位测量,可以获得向下辐照度和向上辐亮度的实验数据.阐述了整体设计思路,说明了其光路结构,光学采集单元分为光谱辐照度光学探头和光谱辐亮度光学探头.叙述了通过机械结构的调整来更准确地测量离水辐亮度,并给出了基于计算机进行显示和存储的编程软件.此系统获得的试验测量结果可以为海洋学研究提供充分的现场光学数据,有一定的实用价值.     

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SAP2000在水工混凝土结构配筋计算中的应用

简要介绍了SAP2000的分析功能以及分析流程,并利用SAP2000对水电站厂房尾水管进行结构配筋计算。将SAP2000应用于水工混凝土结构配筋计算,具有操作方便,计算准确容易受到设计工程师的广泛应用等优点。将其用于进行水工结构分析,是一种新的尝试和新的途径。     

未来10年(2000-2010)美国古生物学研究方向 --地球-生命耦合系统的动力学历史

阐述了美国2000—2010年古生物研究的4个主要方向: ①生物多样性的驱动机制,这些机制所适用的时空尺度;②主要的生物演变时、空分布的不均一性;③生物系统如何影响地表的物、化性质,生物地球化学循环如何随时间发生变化？④生物圈对区域尺度和全球尺度环境变化的反应,以及每一个方向包含的主要科学问题.。最后阐述了运用古生物知识认识当代环境变化。