岷江上游“7·10”泥石流对公路的危害方式及成因

2013-07-10,岷江上游暴发大型群发性泥石流灾害,泥石流以淘刷、冲击、淤塞、压顶、磨蚀等方式对地震灾区公路直接造成严重破坏,其引发的溃决洪水、河床上升增大受灾范围,加重了灾害损失。分析了泥石流对道路工程的成灾方式:对桥梁工程破坏包括淤塞、淘蚀基础、冲毁等;对路面路基工程破坏包括淤埋、淘刷路基、冲毁等;对隧道工程破坏包括堵塞隧道洞口,破坏洞口墙体并引起衬砌支护结构破坏,损毁隧道内附属设施等;对明洞、棚洞工程破坏包括堵塞洞口、冲毁洞口结构,磨蚀洞顶,压顶并引起衬砌支护结构破坏,损毁排水、通风、电力附属设施等。分析了泥石流造成道路严重损失的原因,其中,公路工程选址不当、风险估计不足,桥涵过流净空不足,泥石流防灾措施不完善,泥石流的严重冲刷、冲击作用是主要原因。针对泥石流危害公路的特征和地震区泥石流防治中存在问题,提出了地震山区公路在灾后重建与道路规划中的减灾措施。     

A quantitative assessment on groundwater salinization in the Tarim River lower reaches, Northwest China

Based on monitored data from 840 samples, we assessed the spatial and temporal variability of groundwater salinization in the Tarim River lower reaches combining classical statistics and geostatistics. Results show that total dissolved solids （TDS） is significantly correlated with other related ions, such as Na＋, Mg2＋, Ca2-, C1- and K＋. TDS and underground water level have characteristics of spatial autocorrelation, both of which present the isotropic characteristic and con- form to the spherical model in each year from 2001-2009. TDS is basically greater than 1 g/L but less than 2 g/L in the Tarim River lower reaches, which indicates that salt stagnation pollution is more serious. The most serious salinization （3 g/L 〈 TDS _〈 35 g/L） contaminated area is mainly in the middle and lower part of the study area.     

Study on the extremely cold winter of 1670 over the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River

The snow-cover days over the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River （MLRYR） in the winter of 1670 were extracted from Chinese historical documents. By these records, the winter temperature anomalies （compared to the mean of 1961-1990） recorded at seven meteorological stations and the regional mean winter temperature were estimated. The results show that： （1） There was an average of about 30 snow-cover days over the MLRYR region in 1670, ranging from 11-20 days in Shanghai and eastern Zhejiang to 5140 days in eastern Hunan Province. The snow-cover days averaged about 40 days in Anqing and Nan- cheng, and ranged from 30 to 40 days in Quzhou, Jingdezhen, and Nanchang; and （2） the regional mean winter temperature in 1670 was estimated to be approximately 4.0 ℃ lower than that of 1961-1990. The maximum negative anomaly of 5.6℃ occurred in Nanchang and the minimum anomaly of-2.8 ℃ was detected in Quzhou. Both of these were lower than that of the coldest winter during the instrumental observation period of 1951-2010. This research could not only provide a method to es- timate historical climate extremes, but also provide a background to understand the recent instrumentally climate extremes.     

Spatiotemporal variations of maximum seasonal freeze depth in 1950s–2007 over the Heihe River Basin, Northwest China

Investigation on spatiotemporal variations of maximum seasonal freeze depth （MSFD） over the Heihe River Basin is of great importance for systematic understanding of regional climate and environmental change, ecological-hydrological processes, water resources assessment, construction and resource development. Based on soil and air temperatures at the meteorological stations of the China Meteorological Administration （CMA） over the Heihe River Basin, MSFDs time series are structured into a composite time series over the 1960-2007 period. Evaluating the averaged MSFD time series for 1960 2007 reveals a statistically significant trend of 4.0 cm/decade or a net change of-19.2 cm for the 48-year period over the basin. The MSFD had significantly negative correlation with mean annual air temperature （MAAT）, winter air temperature, mean annual ground surface temperature （MAGST）, degree days of thawing for the air （DDTa） as well as for the surface （DDTs）, and degree days of freezing for the surface （DDFs）. While there was significantly positive correlation between DDF,. and MSFD time series, MSFD was deeper and changed greatly in the Heihe River source area. It was shallower in the east-central basin and gradually deepened in other sections of the basin. The MSFD distribution pattern in 2003-2005 is consistent with that of averaged degree days of freezing for air （DDFa） in 1960-2007. However, the maximum of MSFD may not be accurate, because there is no long term observation data in the deep seasonally frozen ground regions near the lower boundary of permafrost. With increasing elevation, averaged DDFa increased at a rate of 51.6 ℃-day/100m, therefore, the MSFG and the date reaching MSFG became deeper and later, respectively.     

南黄海盆地南五凹阜宁组“广湖咸水”烃源岩及其油气勘探意义

通过对南五凹钻井所揭示的阜宁组进行岩性、地球化学、古生物及地震相等综合分析证实,南五凹阜宁组发育中深湖相泥质烃源岩,且该套烃源岩形成于"广湖咸水"沉积环境。"广湖"即湖盆分布广泛,中深湖相泥质烃源岩在凹陷深洼处和缓坡带均有发育,平面上面积大,纵向上厚度大,具备生成油气的物质基础。"咸水"即烃源岩形成时期湖盆受到了海侵影响,致使水体性质偏咸。南五凹与中国东部古新世—始新世期间曾遭受海侵影响的其他湖盆类似,其形成的咸化烃源岩具有"排烃早"的特征。南五凹阜宁组湖相烃源岩"广湖咸水"沉积特征对于油气勘探具有重要意义。     

新世纪南黄海地震勘探成果与展望

进入21世纪后,针对南黄海海相残留盆地地震调查的难题,开展了反射特征理论模拟、采集与处理技术方法攻关与实践工作,取得了一系列的成果。介绍了南黄海地震勘探的主要进展与成果,在此基础上展望了近期的发展方向。     

重力异常的视密度反演推断扬子与华北块体在南黄海地区的地质界线

通过对南黄海及周边船载测量重力数据、现代卫星测高重力数据、陆地测量重力数据以及地球重力模型等多来源重力数据进行整理和融合,对南黄海地区布格重力异常特征进行了分析。利用基于切割法和插值迭代法的大深度位场向下延拓技术的视密度反演法对南黄海布格重力进行处理和解释,结合山东和朝鲜半岛的地质信息,推断了扬子块体和中朝块体在南黄海海域的界限。中朝和扬子块体在海上的分界位置为千里岩北缘断裂,向NE延伸到125°E后,折向NNW向并在36°N附近再次转为NE向进入朝鲜半岛并经过洪城南侧继续以NE向延伸。扬子的北缘为苏鲁造山带,穿过黄海与京畿造山带相接,苏鲁超高压变质带对应洪城杂岩。     

南黄海盆地中部隆起的形成与演化

南黄海盆地是在前震旦系克拉通基础上发育的中、古生界海相与中、新生界陆相多旋回叠合盆地。通过地震资料解释,结合邻区钻井与区域地质资料,对南黄海盆地中部隆起中、古生代地层及其形成演化进行了研究,结果表明,南黄海盆地中部隆起沉积了较全的中、古生界海相地层,发育第四系—新近系、中—下三叠统青龙组、上二叠统、下二叠统—上泥盆统、中—下志留统,奥陶系—震旦系和前震旦系变质岩系等7套地震地质层序;主要经历了前震旦纪基底形成、震旦纪—早古生代克拉通发育、晚古生代—中三叠世稳定台地—陆内裂陷、晚三叠世—古近纪形成与抬升剥蚀及新近纪-第四纪坳陷沉降5个阶段。     

黄河三角洲北部海域的冲淤演化与成因

利用8个典型的固定剖面资料,对坡度、水深、沉积物底质、单宽侵蚀量和淤积量进行了分析。研究表明:黄河改道后,CS5—CS8剖面的三角洲前缘和前三角洲的侵蚀较为剧烈,各剖面三角洲前缘侵蚀较为强烈;蚀淤泥沙在纵向上由三角洲前缘向前三角洲搬运,在横向上沿近岸向西北方向运移;近岸颗粒粗化较为显著,尤其是在废弃的流路入海口处。     

南黄海盆地烃源潜力比较性评价

南黄海中—新生代盆地经历了中生代印支运动以来的多期构造运动改造,凹陷分隔性强,各凹陷烃源岩发育条件差异大。利用地质调查获得的最新资料,从烃源岩有机质丰度、类型、成熟度以及成熟烃源岩体积参数等方面,重点探讨了中—新生代陆相盆地生烃条件好和较好的7个凹陷的烃源潜力及中—古生界海相烃源岩的演化特征。结果表明,北部坳陷的北部凹陷、东北凹陷以及南部坳陷的南四凹陷属于一类生烃凹陷,北部坳陷的南(西)部凹陷、南部坳陷的南五凹陷属于二类生烃凹陷,而北部坳陷的中—东部凹陷以及南部坳陷的南七凹陷为三类生烃凹陷。印支构造面之下的中—古生界海相层系是盆地内另一套重要烃源岩,其有机质热演化程度分异明显,在中—新生代凹陷间低凸起区最低,坳陷周围的隆起区最高,新生代凹陷区"基底层"内热演化程度介于上述两者之间。