基于X形真实裂隙通道的煤层瓦斯渗流模拟

使用常规X射线或CT扫描进行图像处理,研究裂隙结构时,主裂隙不易提取,其特征不明显,不能直接反映主裂隙构造与流体速度关系。运用高清相机拍摄井下煤壁X形真实裂隙进行数字化处理,并运用AutoCAD软件提取裂隙特征,将图片矢量化导入Comsol Mutiphysics仿真模拟软件进行计算,模拟得到瓦斯分布压力场和渗流速度场云图。结果表明：含X形裂隙煤样中,瓦斯自入口开始,渗流压力从左至右递减,裂隙通道内瓦斯压力均匀分布,是一段压力缓冲区;非裂隙区渗流速度场分布不均匀,X形裂隙支流处较汇流处瓦斯渗流更为活跃,瓦斯的流向和裂隙走向的夹角对渗流速度有明显的影响,瓦斯自下边界流入时的最大渗流速度是自左边界流入的29.5倍;裂隙通道内的渗流速度与裂隙的尺度成单调递减对数函数关系,裂缝尺度越大,达西渗流速度越低,当裂隙尺度为0.68~1.23 mm时对渗流速度影响最明显。研究成果可直观地了解煤裂隙内瓦斯渗流特征。     

华南夏季12-30 d持续性强降水的低频特征分析

利用1982-2011年夏季（5-8月）中国气象观测站点逐日降水资料、NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料、NOAA逐日向外长波辐射和海表温度资料集,通过选取低频降水事件的方法,分析了华南夏季12-30 d持续性强降水事件的基本特征,然后利用位相合成法对持续性强降水期间伴随的低频大气环流型以及低频信号的来源和传播情况进行研究,同时也分析了低频海-气耦合过程对持续性强降水的影响。结果表明：（1）华南夏季降水具有显著的12-30 d低频振荡特征,持续性强降水事件在6月发生次数最多,低频降水期间的雨带自东南向西北传播。（2）在持续性强降水发生期间,华南及邻近海域低层受强大的低频气旋式环流控制,低频上升运动显著,而中国南海-菲律宾海一带则是强的低频反气旋式环流,其西侧向北的低频水汽输送不断将中国南海的水汽送至华南及邻近海域进行辐合上升。低层的低频信号来源于热带西太平洋和中国南海-菲律宾海一带低频振荡的西北向传播,同时伴随着西太平洋副热带高压明显的西伸东退过程。（3）在高层,华南北侧（22°-45°N,95°-130°E）区域强大的低频气旋式环流和孟加拉湾-中国南海一带的低频反气旋式环流相互配合,使华南高层处于强大的辐散环境中,从而加强了华南低层的辐合与低频上升运动,造成持续性强降水的增强。高层的低频信号来源于低频罗斯贝波列的东南向传播。（4）低频大气环流异常通过云辐射和热通量过程改变低频海表温度异常,而由大气强迫的低频海表温度异常通过影响低层大气的稳定性来对大气施加明显的反馈作用,该海-气耦合过程有利于大气低层低频信号向华南地区传播,从而影响了华南持续性强降水的发生、发展与结束。     

Fourier‐resolved spectroscopy of AGN using XMM‐Newton data

We present a brief account of the theory on which the novel method of ‘Fourier‐resolved spectroscopy’ is based. We summarize the results from the past application of this method to the study of Galactic Black Hole candidate sources and MCG‐6‐30‐15, and we present new results from the Fourier‐resolved spectroscopy of archival XMM‐Newton data of five AGN, namely, Mrk 766, NGC 3516, NGC 3783, NGC 4051 and Ark 564. When we combine all the past and present results from Galactic sources and AGN, we find that the slope of the Fourier‐resolved spectra in accreting black hole systems decreases with increasing frequency as ∝ f ^–0.25, irrespective of whether the system is in its High or Low state. We find significant evidence that the iron line in Mrk 766, NGC 3783 and NGC 4051 is variable on time scales ∼1 day – 1 hour. There is an indication that, just like in Galactic sources, the equivalent width of the line in the Fourier‐resolved spectra of AGN decreases with increasing frequency. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

祁连山老虎沟12号冰川消融区不同天气条件下的能量收支特征

冰川表面能量平衡模型建立了冰川与大气之间的联系。为探讨不同天气条件对冰川能量收支的影响, 利用祁连山老虎沟12号冰川海拔4 550 m处的气象资料（2011年8月24日 - 9月6日）, 结合能量平衡模型, 分析了不同天气条件下的能量收支变化特征。结果表明： 受云量影响, 晴天条件下向下短波辐射（318.3 W·m^-2）是多云条件下的1.5倍, 是阴天条件下的3倍。三种天气条件下的向下长波辐射, 晴天（215.4 W·m^-2）<多云（267.4 W·m^-2）<阴天（291.6 W·m^-2）。受固态降水的影响, 阴天条件下冰川反照率（0.50）是晴天时的2倍多。而三种天气下的最大消融耗热, 晴天（739.6 W·m^-2）>多云（582.8 W·m^-2）>阴天（324.5 W·m^-2）。在能量收入项中, 净短波辐射是主要来源（98%）, 但是受天气条件影响, 能量支出各项所占比例有明显差异; 在三种天气条件下, 净长波辐射所占比例分别为35%、 31%和23%, 消融耗热所占比例分别为62%、 64%和75%, 潜热通量所占比例相差不大。     

Galactic X‐ray source populations

The landscape of Galactic X‐ray sources made of accreting binaries, isolated objects and active stellar coronae has been significantly modified by the advent of the Chandra, XMM‐Newton and INTEGRAL satellites. New types of relatively low X‐ray luminosity X‐ray binaries have been unveiled in the Galactic disc, while deep observations of the central regions have revealed large numbers of X‐ray binaries of so far poorly constrained nature. Because of the high spatial resolution needed and faint X‐ray luminosities generally emitted, studying the dependency of the X‐ray source composition with parent stellar population, Galactic disc, bulge, nuclear bulge, etc., is only practicable in our Galaxy. The evolutionary links between low L_X X‐ray binaries and classical X‐ray luminous accreting systems are still open in many cases. In addition, the important question of the nature of the compact sources contributing to the Galactic ridge hard X‐ray emission remains unresolved. We review the most important results gathered by XMM‐Newton over the last years in this domain and show how future observations could be instrumental in addressing several of these issues. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

便携式波长色散X射线荧光光谱仪及初步应用

介绍了SPECTROSCAN-U便携式波长色散X射线荧光光谱仪的技术指标及特点;使用该仪器并采用粉末样品压片制样测定了水系沉积物及土壤样品中的11个元素,得到了较好的精密度和准确度,为野外现场测试作了有益的尝试。     

祁连山老虎沟12号冰川冰下形态特征分析

利用探地雷达对老虎沟12号冰川进行了多个剖面观测,分析了雷达图像反映的冰川内部特征.结果表明通过分析雷达图像中的纹理和位置,雷达波形的振幅和极性变化等信息能够有效的辅助识别冰川内部介质的变化界面位置和估算其规模.在老虎沟12号冰川的部分剖面内部存在冰内空洞、冰内融水空洞、冰下裂隙、冰下河等地貌形态,在冰岩界面和冰川边缘存在规模不等的碎屑层.这说明即使在典型的大陆型冰川,冰川内部结构也可能较为复杂,在冰岩界面处可能存在较强的冰川作用.     

The X‐ray‐infrared/submillimetre connection and the legacy era of cosmology

We review some recent results on the identification and characterisation of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) obtained by cross correlating X‐ray surveys with infrared and submillimetre surveys. We also look toward the scientific gains that could be achieved from an XMM‐Newton survey of the medium‐deep legacy fields that are being observed at ≈ 1–850 μm. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Nine requirements for the origin of Earth's life:Not at the hydrothermal vent,but in a nuclear geyser system

The origin of life on Earth remains enigmatic with diverse models and debates.Here we discuss essential requirements for the first emergence of life on our planet and propose the following nine requirements:(1)an energy source(ionizing radiation and thermal energy);(2)a supply of nutrients(P.K.REE.etc.);(3)a supply of life-constituting major elements;(4)a high concentration of reduced gases such as CH_4,HCN and NH_3;(5)dry-wet cycles to create membranes and polymerize RNA;(6)a non-toxic aqueous environment;(7)Na-poor water;(8)highly diversified environments,and(9)cyclic conditions,such as dayto-night,hot-to-cold etc.Based on these nine requirements,we evaluate previously proposed locations for the origin of Earth's life,including:(1)Darwin's "warm little pond",leading to a "prebiotic soup" for life;(2)panspermia or Neo-panspermia(succession model of panspermia);(3)transportation from/through Mars;(4)a deepsea hydrothermal system;(5)an on-land subduct ion-zone hot spring,and(6)a geyser systems driven by a natural nuclear reactor.We conclude that location(6)is the most ideal candidate for the o rigin point for Earth's life because of its efficiency in continuously supplying both the energy and the necessary materials for life,thereby maintaining the essential "cradle" for its initial development.We also emphasize that falsifiable working hypothesis provides an important tool to evaluate one of the biggest mysteries of the universe-the origin of life.     

新疆于田地区2008年以来3个地震 序列的参数早期特征

考察新疆于田地区2008年以来发生的2008年3月21日M_S7.3、 2012年8月12日M_S6.3和2014年2月12日M_S7.3等3个地震序列的参数早期特征, 利用“时空传染型余震序列”(ETAS)模型进行了参数估计. 统一选用截止震级M_c=M_L3.0, 并使用最大似然法分别估算了这3个序列不同持续时间的α、 p和b等参数. 研究结果表明, 3个地震序列的参数差异明显, 其中： 2014年M_S7.3地震序列α值与2012年M_S6.3地震序列接近, 但高于2008年M_S7.3地震序列; 2014年M_S7.3地震序列p值较低, 表明当前序列衰减缓慢; 2012年M_S6.3地震序列b值最大, 2014年M_S7.3地震序列次之, 2008年M_S7.3地震序列最小. 此外, 2008年M_S7.3地震序列参数在震后20天内变化较为显著, 而2014年M_S7.3地震序列的α值和p值在震后3.5天内则相对稳定.