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61.
In this study, the dynamics of track deflection associated with Tropical Cyclone (TC) Sidr (2007) are explored using a numerical weather prediction model. It is found that (a) the simulated track of Sidr is sensitive to flow, orographic, and model vertical structure that change the environmental steering flow leading to the track deflection. In particular, the track of TC Sidr is deflected northwestward for cases with lower domain height, horizontal domain covering only part of Himalaya mountains, and varying mountain heights; (b) the simulated track of TC Sidr, when compared with GFS reanalysis data, is mainly controlled by its deep-layer environmental steering flow as a point vortex; (c) the northwestward deflection with lower domain height is caused by an artificially larger high pressure at lower levels in the vicinity of the Himalayas, due to the upward propagation of wave energy being reflected by the upper domain boundary; (d) the significant northwestward deflection associated with the varying mountain height cases is due to the cyclone vortex being advected by the northeasterly monsoonal flow, which is blocked by the mountains in the corresponding cases with mountains; (e) the northeastward track deflection after the landfall of Sidr is explained by the addition of the frictional force.In summary, the model vertical domain height and the Himalaya mountain representation play key roles in influencing the accuracy of TC Sidr track simulation, compared with other factors, such as the vertical resolution, at least for TC Sidr. 相似文献
62.
We examine how weather variability affects agricultural landownership rates in Africa, where at least half of the population depends on agriculture to earn a livelihood. In the absence of effective adaptation strategies, households that experience difficulties farming due to environmental stress might leave their land. With implications for demography – through migration – and political instability – when affected populations express grievances – changing landownership patterns could make existing development challenges on the continent even more difficult. We test our hypothesis that drier than average growing seasons will reduce landownership rates using Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS). Our DHS dataset includes interviews with 850,961 households in 35 African countries between 2005 and 2017. Compared to regions experiencing weather near the historical average, those with five consecutive dry growing seasons before the DHS experienced a 6.93% decline in the landownership rate. For every additional dry growing season during the five years before each survey, the landownership rate fell by 1.38%. A host of robustness checks support our general conclusion that drying conditions are associated with lower landownership rates. 相似文献
63.
June K. Yeung James A. SmithGabriele Villarini Alexandros A. NtelekosMary Lynn Baeck Witold F. Krajewski 《Advances in water resources》2011,34(2):184-204
We examine the warm season (April-September) rainfall climatology of the northeastern US through analyses of high-resolution radar rainfall fields from the Hydro-NEXRAD system and regional climate model simulations using the weather research and forecasting (WRF) model. Analyses center on the 5-year period from 2003 to 2007 and the study area includes the New York-New Jersey metropolitan region covered by radar rainfall fields from the Fort Dix, NJ WSR-88D. The objective of this study is to develop and test tools for examining rainfall climatology, with a special focus on heavy rainfall. An additional emphasis is on rainfall climatology in regions of complex terrain, like the northeastern US, which is characterized by land-water boundaries, large heterogeneity in land use and cover, and mountainous terrain in the western portion of the region. We develop a 5-year record of warm season radar rainfall fields for the study region using the Hydro-NEXRAD system. We perform regional downscaling simulations for the 5-year study period using the WRF model. Radar rainfall fields are used to characterize the interannual, seasonal and diurnal variation of rainfall over the study region and to examine spatial heterogeneity of rainfall. Regional climate model simulations are characterized by a wet bias in the rainfall fields, with the largest bias in the high-elevation regions of the model domain. We show that model simulations capture broad features of the interannual, seasonal, and diurnal variation of rainfall. Model simulations do not capture spatial gradients in radar rainfall fields around the New York metropolitan region and land-water boundaries to the east. The model climatology of convective available potential energy (CAPE) is used to interpret the regional distribution of warm season rainfall and the seasonal and diurnal variability of rainfall. We use hydrologic and meteorological observations from July 2007 to examine the interactions of land surface processes and rainfall from a regional perspective. 相似文献
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贵州高等级公路气象特征及预报 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
根据近4a逐日气象资料以及交管部门近10a的交通事故统计数据,分析了影响贵州高等级公路交通安全运输的主要气象因子特征,揭示了贵州复杂地形条件下不同公路路段的气象条件差异较大,主要表现为:(1)各路段夜间雨日比白天雨日多30d左右;(2)降雨日、大雨日和暴雨日最多的路段均是镇胜路;(3)能见度条件最差的路段是玉凯路,其次是贵新路和镇胜路;(4)凝冻出现机率较大的路段是镇胜路、贵黄路和贵新路;降雪最多的路段是崇遵路;(5)高温天气最多的路段是玉凯路.另外,综合考虑了降雨、能见度、凝冻以及高温等天气条件对公路交通的影响程度,探讨了贵州高等级公路交通气象指数预报方法. 相似文献
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为了更好地监测预警江西袁河流域强降水天气,使用江西雨量资料、欧洲中心格点(1°×1°)再分析资料和江西雷达回波等资料,对袁河流域5次大暴雨过程进行分析,结果表明:(1)袁河流域强降水天气形势场是925~700 hPa切变线、低层辐合高层辐散中心、西南气流达到12~18 m·s-1等因素影响;T-LnP图上整层水汽充沛,可降水量在75 mm以上;降水前低层累积不稳定能量CAPE(1000 J/Kg)和对流抑制能CIN(100 J/Kg)。(2)强降水回波的组合反射率CR在50 dBz左右,回波顶高在13 km左右,垂直积分液态水含量在12 kg·m2左右;40 dBz回波顶高在6~7 km,45 dBz回波顶高在6.5 km以下。(3)强降水和回波强度dBZ成正相关,随降水的增强,回波明显增强;当回波强度≤20 dBz时,雨强几乎不变;当回波强度在20~35 dBz之间,雨强随回波强度增加而缓慢加大;当回波强度在35~50 dBz之间,雨强随回波强度加大明显增加;而当回波强度≥50 dBz时,雨强反而趋于下降或维持。研究结果对袁河流域强降水的监测预警和预报服务有指导意义。 相似文献
68.
天气雷达回波强度的强弱直接影响预报员对降水强度的判断,在重大气象灾害天气过程中,回波强度偏差有可能导致漏报而产生无法挽回的损失,中国气象局提出“到2022年底全国新一代天气雷达反射率因子标准偏差平均值从4.5dB降低到3.5dB”的目标,就是为了提高雷达监测均一性,降低客观因子对预报质量的影响。本文对岳阳、长沙、湘潭、益阳雷达产品对比分析,利用数据平均偏差方法计算雷达回波强度的扩散特征,得出岳阳雷达回波强度较其他三部雷达均偏弱约4dB以上的结论,并采用“对点测量”方法对岳阳雷达进行重新标定,将平均偏差降低至2.5dB以内,降低了中尺度区域内不同雷达之间的平均偏差,有效增强了回波强度一致性,对提高雷达业务可用性具有十分现实的意义。 相似文献
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安徽闪电与雷达资料的相关分析以及机理初探 总被引:15,自引:5,他引:15
WSR-98D多普勒天气雷达和新型闪电定位仪是监测灾害性天气十分有效的手段,利用合肥多普勒天气雷达的物理量产品和中国科技大学研制的新型闪电定位仪资料,对2001年7月24日、2002年5月27日、2004年4月6日发生在安徽省的冰雹和强降水的3次天气过程的闪电与雷达回波特征做相关性分析和机理初探,发现一些有意义的统计规律:(1) 闪电发生的数目和变化与回波顶高(ET)有较好的对应关系, 而与垂直含水量积分(VIL)对应关系不明显;(2) 强对流天气的云地闪中正地闪与负地闪发生频次相当,甚至超过负地闪,但正地闪比较分散,负地闪比较集中,闪电发生的位置与强回波位置不一致,云下一般存在一个次正电荷层;(3) 强降水天气的负地闪占优势,闪电发生的位置比较集中并且与强回波位置一致,云下没有正电荷层;(4) 垂直累积液态水含量(VIL)和回波顶(ET)很小处出现的闪电是由云砧和对流云分裂的碎云产生的. 相似文献