Feasibility of waveform inversion of Rayleigh waves for shallow shear-wave velocity using a genetic algorithm

Conventional surface wave inversion for shallow shear (S)-wave velocity relies on the generation of dispersion curves of Rayleigh waves. This constrains the method to only laterally homogeneous (or very smooth laterally heterogeneous) earth models. Waveform inversion directly fits waveforms on seismograms, hence, does not have such a limitation. Waveforms of Rayleigh waves are highly related to S-wave velocities. By inverting the waveforms of Rayleigh waves on a near-surface seismogram, shallow S-wave velocities can be estimated for earth models with strong lateral heterogeneity. We employ genetic algorithm (GA) to perform waveform inversion of Rayleigh waves for S-wave velocities. The forward problem is solved by finite-difference modeling in the time domain. The model space is updated by generating offspring models using GA. Final solutions can be found through an iterative waveform-fitting scheme. Inversions based on synthetic records show that the S-wave velocities can be recovered successfully with errors no more than 10% for several typical near-surface earth models. For layered earth models, the proposed method can generate one-dimensional S-wave velocity profiles without the knowledge of initial models. For earth models containing lateral heterogeneity in which case conventional dispersion-curve-based inversion methods are challenging, it is feasible to produce high-resolution S-wave velocity sections by GA waveform inversion with appropriate priori information. The synthetic tests indicate that the GA waveform inversion of Rayleigh waves has the great potential for shallow S-wave velocity imaging with the existence of strong lateral heterogeneity.     

GM测高数据反演中国近海及邻域精细重力场

综合对比4种波形重跟踪算法,选择改进阈值法处理Jason-1GM数据,联合波形重跟踪后的Geosat和ERS-1GM数据,沿轨2Hz重采样以提高数据空间分辨率。通过数据质量控制剔除粗差数据,考虑海表面地形的影响,基于移去-恢复法和维宁-曼齐兹公式反演了中国近海及邻近海域(0°~45°N,100°~140°E)1′×1′的精细重力场。船测数据检核表明反演结果在开阔海域精度约4mGal,近岸浅水区约10mGal,均优于DTU10和V21.1模型。     

An accurate and computationally efficient algorithm for ground peak identification in large footprint waveform LiDAR data

Large footprint waveform LiDAR sensors have been widely used for numerous airborne studies. Ground peak identification in a large footprint waveform is a significant bottleneck in exploring full usage of the waveform datasets. In the current study, an accurate and computationally efficient algorithm was developed for ground peak identification, called Filtering and Clustering Algorithm (FICA). The method was evaluated on Land, Vegetation, and Ice Sensor (LVIS) waveform datasets acquired over Central NY. FICA incorporates a set of multi-scale second derivative filters and a k-means clustering algorithm in order to avoid detecting false ground peaks. FICA was tested in five different land cover types (deciduous trees, coniferous trees, shrub, grass and developed area) and showed more accurate results when compared to existing algorithms. More specifically, compared with Gaussian decomposition, the RMSE ground peak identification by FICA was 2.82 m (5.29 m for GD) in deciduous plots, 3.25 m (4.57 m for GD) in coniferous plots, 2.63 m (2.83 m for GD) in shrub plots, 0.82 m (0.93 m for GD) in grass plots, and 0.70 m (0.51 m for GD) in plots of developed areas. FICA performance was also relatively consistent under various slope and canopy coverage (CC) conditions. In addition, FICA showed better computational efficiency compared to existing methods. FICA’s major computational and accuracy advantage is a result of the adopted multi-scale signal processing procedures that concentrate on local portions of the signal as opposed to the Gaussian decomposition that uses a curve-fitting strategy applied in the entire signal. The FICA algorithm is a good candidate for large-scale implementation on future space-borne waveform LiDAR sensors.     

地震反演成像中的Hessian算子研究

总结了牛顿类地震反演方法中Hessian算子的作用,对其在地震反演成像中的数学物理含义进行了分析.Hessian算子是误差泛函对模型参数的二阶导数,反映了误差泛函对模型变化的二次型特征.分析声波方程下的Hessian算子的格林函数表达形式,发现其表达了整个观测系统和子波频带等因素对地震数据空间到模型空间投影过程的影响.提出了两种分别适用于最小二乘偏移和全波形反演的Hessian算子简化格式.平面波Hessian算子应用于最小二乘偏移能够得到相对保真的成像结果,改善了地震偏移成像的精度.地下偏移距Hessian算子应用于全波形反演能够加快反演迭代的计算效率.最后,对Hessian算子在地震反演成像中的价值进行了讨论和评价.     

基于修正拟牛顿公式的全波形反演

波形反演是一种利用全波场信息,通过最小化预测波场和实际波场的残差来揭示地下岩性和构造信息的方法.本文首先简述了常规拟牛顿算法的原理,之后利用一种新的拟牛顿公式对Davidon-Fletcher-Powell(DFP)和Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno(BFGS)算法进行了修正,改进后的BFGS算法在近似Hessian矩阵逆矩阵时,不仅考虑了梯度和模型信息,还加入了目标函数本身的信息,而且对于每次迭代,基本没有增加计算量.数值试验表明,相对常规拟牛顿方法,修正BFGS算法在保证反演精度的同时,明显提高了反演效率.     

四川芦山MS7.0和汶川MS8.0地震前地电场变化研究

应用四川芦山M_S7.0和汶川M_S8.0震中周围部分地电场观测台站的资料,主要利用地电场波形比较和极化方位变化两种方法,并结合观测台站的工作日志,对两次地震前地电场观测资料进行了分析研究,并得出:芦山M_S7.0和汶川M_S8.0地震前部分台站地电场波形出现变异现象,主要表现为两种形式:日变波形的畸变(如盐源台和泸沽湖台)和相应时段地电场频谱特性出现变化,这些变异基本上出现在震前1~2个月内;利用两次地震前地电场观测的日均值计算了部分观测台站的地电场极化方位,发现在震前地电场的极化方位出现了大幅变化,最大变化幅度达160°,最小变化幅度也有10°;初步研究还发现,两次地震前夕,震中周围部分台站极化方位的正向或反向延长线,相汇集的区域与地震的震中有一定联系;对于研究所得结果,从地震电信号的产生机制和震源特性方面进行了尝试性理论解释.     

A multi-subwaveform parametric retracker of the radar satellite altimetric waveform and recovery of gravity anomalies over coastal oceans

The quality of satellite radar altimetric data is very important in studies of geodesy,geophysics,and oceanography.Over coastal oceans,altimeter waveforms are contaminated by the terrain and physical environments so that the accuracy of altimeter data is lower than that over open oceans.Here we develop a new multi-subwaveform parametric retracker(MSPR) to improve the quality of altimeter data for the recovery of gravity anomaly in coastal oceans.The least squares collocation method is used to recover the residual gravity anomaly over the coastal water from altimetric data.The waveform data records from Geosat/GM around Taiwan Island are practically retracked with MSPR.When compared with the Taiwan geoid height,the results retracked by MSPR are more accurate than those retracked by the well-known β-5-parmeter method and from the geophysical data records(GDRs).The gravity anomalies over Taiwan coastal waters are calculated from the retracked altimeter data with the least squares collocation.When we compared gravity anomalies computed using altimeter GDRs with the ship-borne gravity data over Taiwan coastal ocean,we found that the results from retracked data are more accurate than those from GDRs.     

利用sPn震相测定芦山MS7.0级地震余震的震源深度

利用南北地震带南段密集流动地震台阵的观测数据,采用波形互相关方法拾取Pn波走时,应用滑动时窗相关法识别sPn震相,通过sPn与Pn震相之间的走时差测定了芦山地震序列中28个M_L4.0级以上余震的震源深度.结果表明,震源深度集中在10~20 km范围内,垂直余震带的北西-南东向震源深度剖面揭示,余震分布表现出西深东浅的特点,倾角大约为39°.这些余震在空间上具有较好的线性分布特征,推测可能发生在与主震有关的破裂面上或邻近位置,由此推测主震的破裂面倾角大约为39°.根据余震的空间分布特征,认为芦山地震的发震断层并非双石-大川断裂,可能是其东侧的一条隐伏断层.     

Inversion of ocean-bottom seismometer (OBS) waveforms for oceanic crust structure: a synthetic study

The waveform inversion method is applied—using synthetic ocean-bottom seismometer(OBS) data—to study oceanic crust structure. A niching genetic algorithm(NGA) is used to implement the inversion for the thickness and P-wave velocity of each layer, and to update the model by minimizing the objective function, which consists of the misfit and cross-correlation of observed and synthetic waveforms. The influence of specific NGA method parameters is discussed, and suitable values are presented.The NGA method works well for various observation systems, such as those with irregular and sparse distribution of receivers as well as single receiver systems. A strategy is proposed to accelerate the convergence rate by a factor of five with no increase in computational complexity; this is achieved using a first inversion with several generations to impose a restriction on the preset range of each parameter and then conducting a second inversion with the new range. Despite the successes of this method,its usage is limited. A shallow water layer is not favored because the direct wave in water will suppress the useful reflection signals from the crust. A more precise calculation of the air-gun source signal should be considered in order to better simulate waveforms generated in realistic situations; further studies are required to investigate this issue.     

波形相关意义“重复地震”研究综述

波形相关意义的“重复地震”在自然界中普遍存在,其数量远远超过我们的预期。近年来由于数字地震观测技术的普及和发展,有关“重复地震”的研究引起越来越多的关注,目前“重复地震”研究已被广泛应用于检测地壳介质性质变化、评估地震台网的定位精度、估计地震“复发”的概率和断层深部滑动速率的估算方面的估计;在提高定位和震相识别精度、断层结构、震源物理及地震预测研究等方面也都显示出值得关注的应用潜力。本文对有关“重复地震”的最新研究及应用成果进行了总结和归纳。