Genetic waveform modeling for the crustal structure in Northeast Japan

We propose a genetic algorithm (GA) search procedure for waveform modeling of local crustal earthquakes for optimal one-dimensional (1-D) crustal velocity model. Both waveforms and travel-time data are used for the structure determination. The use of travel times in model evaluation improves the waveform modeling performance in the sense of computation speed and accuracy. We applied this method to broadband waveforms of a local crustal earthquake (M 4.2) in Northeast Japan. P-wave velocities of the crustal model are found to be 4.95 ± 0.30, 5.9 ± 0.02, and 6.51 ± 0.20 km/s for a surface layer, upper crust and lower crust, respectively. The surface layer thickness and the Conrad and Moho depths are found to be 3.01 ± 0.8, 17.77 ± 0.4 and 34.59 ± 1.0 km, respectively. For epicentral distances <200 km, our synthetic waveforms match the observed ones generally well. Early arrivals are mainly observed at stations near the Pacific coast in the forearc area having a thinner crust. In contrast, delayed arrivals appear at stations near the volcanic front and back-arc areas where low-velocity anomalies exist due to the effect of the Pacific slab dehydration and the hot upwelling flows in the mantle wedge. In general, our results agree well with the main tectonic setting of the study area, which confirms the reliability of the proposed approach. Despite a 1-D velocity model is too simple to represent the complex crustal structure, it is still required for the conventional routine analysis of seismology, such as earthquake location and source parameter studies. The current approach is considered as a step toward the genetic full waveform modeling for the 3-D velocity model estimation.     

Blocky regularization schemes for Full‐Waveform Inversion★

With ill‐posed inverse problems such as Full‐Waveform Inversion, regularization schemes are needed to constrain the solution. Whereas many regularization schemes end up smoothing the model, an undesirable effect with FWI where high‐resolution maps are sought, blocky regularization does not: it identifies and preserves strong velocity contrasts leading to step‐like functions. These models might be needed for imaging with wave‐equation based techniques such as Reverse Time Migration or for reservoir characterization. Enforcing blockiness in the model space amounts to enforcing a sparse representation of discontinuities in the model. Sparseness can be obtained using the ?¹ norm or Cauchy function which are related to long‐tailed probability density functions. Detecting these discontinuities with vertical and horizontal gradient operators helps constraining the model in both directions. Blocky regularization can also help recovering higher wavenumbers that the data used for inversion would allow, thus helping controlling the cost of FWI. While the Cauchy function yields blockier models, both ?¹ and Cauchy attenuate illumination and inversion artifacts.     

基于聚类分析的多子波优化重定算法

提出了基于聚类分析的多子波优化重定算法,即利用聚类分析对波形进行分类,然后在分类的基础上对每一聚类的波形分别采用β参数拟合算法和门槛算法对其进行重定,最后以误差平方和最小为依据选择最优的作为最后的结果。经过基于聚类分析的多子波优化算法重定后的卫星测高数据与验潮站数据进行了比较,发现该算法能在一定程度上改善近海卫星测高数据的精度,提高重定成功率,降低重定次数。     

Inversion of Scholte wave dispersion and waveform modeling for shallow structure of the Ninetyeast Ridge

The construction of S-wave velocity models of marine sediments down to hundreds of meters below the seafloor is important in a number of disciplines. One of the most significant trends in marine geophysics is to use interface waves to estimate shallow shear velocities which play an important role in determining the shallow crustal structure. In marine settings, the waves trapped near the fluid–solid interface are called Scholte waves, and this is the subject of the study. In 1998, there were experiments on the Ninetyeast Ridge (Central Indian Ocean) to study the shallow seismic structure at the drilled site. The data were acquired by both ocean bottom seismometer and ocean bottom hydrophone. A new type of seafloor implosion sources has been used in this experiment, which successfully excited fast and high frequency (>500 Hz) body waves and slow, intermediate frequency (<20 Hz) Scholte waves. The fundamental and first higher mode Scholte waves have both been excited by the implosion source. Here, the Scholte waves are investigated with a full waveform modeling and a group velocity inversion approach. Shear wave velocities for the uppermost layers of the region are inferred and results from the different methods are compared. We find that the full waveform modeling is important to understand the intrinsic attenuation of the Scholte waves between 1 and 20 Hz. The modeling shows that the S-wave velocity varies from 195 to 350 m/s in the first 16 m of the uppermost layer. Depths levels of high S-wave impedance contrasts compare well to the layer depth derived from a P-wave analysis as well as from drilling data. As expected, the P- to S-wave velocity ratio is very high in the uppermost 16 m of the seafloor and the Poisson ratio is nearly 0.5. Depth levels of high S-wave impedance contrasts are comparable to the layer depth derived from drilling data.     

希尔伯特-黄变换在地震资料处理中的应用

希尔伯特-黄变换是最新发展起来的处理非线性非平稳信号的时频分析方法.本文介绍了该方法的基本原理和几个关键技术,以及其优势所在,并将它应用于含随机噪音的地震信号和实际地震资料的分解.分解后的信号能够重构原始信号,重构后在信噪比和分辨率方面有了一定的提高,对地震资料的去噪有重要意义.     

2006年文安Mw4.9级地震的有限震源波形模拟研究

2006年7月4日发生在河北文安的M_w4.9级地震,由于没有地表破裂并缺乏能够精确定位的余震序列,从而在地震发震构造的确定上存在困难.本文利用首都圈地震台网9个台站的Z分量数字波形记录,通过与有限震源模型的理论波形模拟结果比较,能够快速分辨发震断层面及破裂扩展方式,同时对震源运动学参数提供一定约束.结果显示,在文安地震震源机制解的两组共轭节面中,走向110°、倾角65°、滑动角8°的节面更有可能代表真实的发震面;破裂扩展方式为一向西扩展的单侧破裂.这一结果与本区域构造应力研究及块体相对运动方向观测结果一致.本文的工作,为中等震级地震发震构造的快速确定提出了一种简单而有效的方法.     

Analysis of time‐lapse travel‐time and amplitude changes to assess reservoir compartmentalization

Fluid depletion within a compacting reservoir can lead to significant stress and strain changes and potentially severe geomechanical issues, both inside and outside the reservoir. We extend previous research of time‐lapse seismic interpretation by incorporating synthetic near‐offset and full‐offset common‐midpoint reflection data using anisotropic ray tracing to investigate uncertainties in time‐lapse seismic observations. The time‐lapse seismic simulations use dynamic elasticity models built from hydro‐geomechanical simulation output and a stress‐dependent rock physics model. The reservoir model is a conceptual two‐fault graben reservoir, where we allow the fault fluid‐flow transmissibility to vary from high to low to simulate non‐compartmentalized and compartmentalized reservoirs, respectively. The results indicate time‐lapse seismic amplitude changes and travel‐time shifts can be used to qualitatively identify reservoir compartmentalization. Due to the high repeatability and good quality of the time‐lapse synthetic dataset, the estimated travel‐time shifts and amplitude changes for near‐offset data match the true model subsurface changes with minimal errors. A 1D velocity–strain relation was used to estimate the vertical velocity change for the reservoir bottom interface by applying zero‐offset time shifts from both the near‐offset and full‐offset measurements. For near‐offset data, the estimated P‐wave velocity changes were within 10% of the true value. However, for full‐offset data, time‐lapse attributes are quantitatively reliable using standard time‐lapse seismic methods when an updated velocity model is used rather than the baseline model.     

沂沭断裂带重复地震识别及断裂深部活动速率的估算

利用山东及邻区数字地震台网2001- 2012 年的地震观测报告及波形资料分析了沂沭断裂带及周缘地区的地震活动并利用识别出的重复地震估算了断层深部滑动速率。重新定位后的地震图像清晰展示了沂沭断裂带南北两段及东西两侧地震活动的显著差异,在研究时段内,60%以上的地震发生在沂沭带东侧的两条断裂上,震源深度分布与研究区的深部构造吻合。根据波形意义上相似地震(cc≥0.8)的定义,识别出了沂沭断裂带及其周缘相似地震共50例,组成相似地震对和多重相似地震对共19组,相似地震对的复发间隔较为随机,从数小时到数百天不等。通过对相似地震对震源位置- -致性的强约束后,基于1组重复地震估算出安丘-莒县断裂在地表以下5.9km处的滑动速率估计值为2.19mm/a,与GPS和地质等浅表观测的滑动速率值基本一致。     

Retracking of SARAL/AltiKa Radar Altimetry Waveforms for Optimal Gravity Field Recovery

The accuracy of the marine gravity field derived from satellite altimetry depends on dense track spacing as well as high range precision. Here, we investigate the range precision that can be achieved using a new shorter wavelength Ka-band altimeter AltiKa aboard the SARAL spacecraft. We agree with a previous study that found that the range precision given in the SARAL/AltiKa Geophysical Data Records is more precise than that of Ku-band altimeter by a factor of two. Moreover, we show that two-pass retracking can further improve the range precision by a factor of 1.7 with respect to the 40 Hz-retracked data (item of range_40 hz) provided in the Geophysical Data Records. The important conclusion is that a dedicated Ka-band altimeter-mapping mission could substantially improve the global accuracy of the marine gravity field with complete coverage and a track spacing of <6 km achievable in ～1.3 years. This would reveal thousands of uncharted seamounts on the ocean floor as well as important tectonic features such as microplates and abyssal hill fabric.     

Localized temporal variation of Earth's inner-core boundary from high-quality waveform doublets

The topography of the inner core is crucial to understand its growth process and interaction with the geodynamo. With the accuracy of teleseismic waveform doublets in determining the travel-time shifts between PKPcd and PKPdf inner-core phases, we examined the temporal change of the inner-core boundary sampled by new earthquake doublets that occurred in the Western Pacific and those previously found from the South Sandwich Islands. The receiver stations are those within the distance range of 128°–142° from the hypocenters of the waveform doublets. Our results suggest that temporal changes in PKPcd-PKPdf differential times are very subtle except some isolated regions under central America and Africa. The observations may indicate localized topography of the inner core and/or the inner-core boundary as transient slurry in isolated regions.