Occurrence of priority pollutants in WWTP effluents and Mediterranean coastal waters of Spain

A comprehensive study aimed at evaluating the occurrence, significance of concentrations and spatial distribution of priority pollutants (PPs) along the Comunidad Valenciana coastal waters (Spain) was carried out in order to fulfil the European Water Framework Directive (WFD). Additionally, PP concentrations were also analysed in the effluent of 28 WWTPs distributed along the studied area. In coastal waters 36 organic pollutants of the 71 analysed, including 26 PPs were detected although many of them with low frequency of occurrence. Only 13 compounds, which belong to four different classes (VOCs, organochlorinated pesticides, phthalates and tributyltin compounds (TBT)) showed a frequency of occurrence above 20% in coastal waters. In the results obtained until now, octylphenol, pentachlorobenzene, DEHP and TBT exceeded the annual average concentration (EQS-AAC), and only TBT surpassed the maximum allowable concentration (EQS-MAC). The most frequent contaminants determined in coastal waters were also present in WWTP effluents.     

我国典型湖泊及其入湖河流氮磷水质协同控制探讨

入湖河流是外源氮磷输入湖泊的主要途径,是湖泊外源输入控制的关键中间环节.本文主要开展我国一些典型湖泊及其主要入湖河流总氮、总磷浓度对比研究,结合入湖河流氮磷输入对湖体营养水平和富营养化程度的影响分析,初步探讨我国入湖河流与湖体氮磷水质协同控制的必要性和途径.结果表明,目前入湖河流氮磷水平仍然是我国一些典型湖泊水体氮磷水平和富营养化程度的重要影响因素之一;单纯依靠入湖河流氮磷协同控制已经无法较好地实现我国一些湖泊氮磷水平达到Ⅲ类及以下水平和中营养化水平及以下,建议结合内源控制、生态修复等综合治理;除了入湖河流氮磷水质,水量也是湖泊水体氮磷水平和富营养化程度的重要因素之一.进一步结合国际上入湖河流和湖泊氮磷协同控制,以及《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)和相关配套政策、措施等,最终提出我国入湖河流与湖体氮磷协同控制政策建议,以期为富营养化湖泊外源氮磷输入控制,湖泊内源治理和生态修复有效开展等提供支撑和依据.     

EN1997－1设计方法与国内规范设计方法对比

系统研究掌握国外标准规范,是企业跨出国门走向海外市场的第一步,也是增强国际竞争力的关键。同时,修订与完善国内现行规范,必须借鉴与吸收国际标准的先进经验。介绍了欧洲规范EN1997－1[1]设计原理,包括作用、效应、抗力与极限状态验算不等式,分析3种设计方法的取值特点与应用现状。以《建筑地基基础设计规范》[2]为例,对比分析中欧岩土工程设计规范中设计方法的异同点及国内规范存在的问题。以一浅基础设计实例,说明欧洲规范3种设计方法与国内规范设计方法设计结果的差异,并在该基础之上,提出改进国内规范设计方法的几点建议。     

我国现行地震标准和标准体系的分析与思考

本文简述了我国地震标准化发展从无到有、从小到大经历的4个主要阶段,基于地震标准发布实施时间及业务领域分布统计对地震标准现状进行详细分析,阐述我国现行地震标准特点和存在的问题.在进一步研究地震标准体系的基础上,提出了完善建议,并初步构建了新的地震标准体系框架.通过对现行地震标准和标准体系的分析,提出地震标准化思考与建议,...     

应用国际标样对伊利石结晶度测定值的校正及其意义

伊利石的结晶度(IC),又称Kbler指数(K.I.),是指粘土矿物伊利石10×10-8cmXRD峰的半高宽。作为一个变质程度的指标,结晶度广泛用于研究高级成岩—极低级变质—低级变质作用的演变过程,随着变质程度的提高,伊利石结晶度逐渐增大。根据Kbler的建议,近变质带(极低级变质带)上、下边界的伊利石结晶度分别为0.42(°Δ2θ)和0.25(°Δ2θ)。然而,测定伊利石结晶度时,由于缺少国际标样,且各实验室间的样品制备、仪器条件、测试方法也不相同,因而导致获得的数据有较大差别,缺少可比性;因此,使用国际标样对数据进行校正,使各实验室获得的数据都能直接地进行对比,是非常必要的。利用X射线衍射方法测定了由L.N.Warr提供的5个伊利石结晶度的国际标样(其中,4个为岩石碎屑样品,采自英格兰西南部的极低级变质带;1个为单矿物样品,采自印度的花岗岩),获得了校正方程,ICCIS=0.977IC测定值+0.0336(°Δ2θ),R2=0.9835。在实验室内对213件采自国内的样品进行测定,测试条件与国际标样的测试条件相同,利用此方程对测得的伊利石结晶度数值进行校正,证实本实验室对伊利石结晶度的测定具有较高的可信度和国际可比性。     

Developing sorbent standards for spill response: Effects of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 and the Free Trade Agreement

For the past five years the Millsaps Sorbent Laboratory has been actively engaged in developing standards for initial and long-term oil spill remedial technologies. As a voting member of the American Society of Testing Materials (ASTM) F-20 Committee, Canadian General Standards Board, and the US Coast Guard Sorbents Task Force, the laboratory has been engaged in developing useful, pragmatic protocols for various chemical and physical sorbent and filtration technologies driven by the deadlines imposed by the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90). The open border approach to certification of technologies and products promulgated by the US/Canadian Free Trade Agreement has placed the US users and producers of such products and systems in a unique and tenuous position. Canadian standards and goals are grandfathered into the United States under this agreement and products have official US government certification based on Canadian regulations. This situation is unfavorable to the US domestic environment and economy for several specific scenarios. Included in these scenarios are: abundant warmwater zones and inland waters of the US versus Canada, the basic chemical variation between Canadian and US crude oils, the different generally accepted remediation technologies in the US versus Canadian, and the technology validation procedures prior to purchase inherent to both countries.     

不同UT1周日变化海潮模型结果的比较

比较了基于 TOPEX/ Poseidon卫星测高资料 ,长时期甚长基线干涉测量 (VLBI)观测和人卫激光测距 (SLR)观测所决定的地球自转周日变化。经比较显示 ,不同技术或同一种技术使用不同的方法所获得结果是有差异的 ,同一种技术内部符合较好 ,而不同技术间存在系统差。另外 ,我们根据 93年～ 94年的 VL BI观测资料获得一个结果 ,由于观测资料少 ,所获得结果差异较大 ,但 UT1周日变化的大体趋势一致。     

大生活用海水水质标准研究

在水资源日益短缺的今天,海水直接利用技术作为重要的开源技术越来越受到人们的重视.大生活用海水技术是海水直接利用技术的主要组成部分,可代替沿海地区35%左右的生活用水.近年来,随着大生活用海水技术的快速发展,迫切需要建立《大生活用海水水质标准》.论文对大生活用海水的浊度、色度、BOD5、氨氮含量、合成洗涤剂含量、溶解氧含量、大肠菌群数、悬浮性固体等指标进行了研究,提出了我国大生活用海水水质标准建议.     

Saao standards for optical photometry

A review is given of the development of systems of photometric standard stars at the South African Astronomical Observatory. A brief historical perspective indicates how the Harvard E-regions were chosen as standard sequences and developed into a very precise Southern hemisphere system for UBV(RI) _c photometry. Subsequent additions of Strömgrenuvby - H and DDO photometry to samples of E-region stars and UBV(RI) _c extensions to the F-regions and the Magellanic Clouds are also described. Current programmes to extend and improve these standard stars are briefly discussed, as well as the long-standing problem of linking the Northern and Southern systems.     

Transverse Eco-compensation Standards for Water Conservation: A Case Study of the Middle Route Project of South-to-North Water Diversion in China

In China, the distribution of water resources is incompatible with the development of productivity. The construction of South-to-North Water Diversion Project has achieved inter-basin water diversion, and the project can alleviate the uneven distribution of water resources phenomenon effectively. However, in recent years, the aggregate effects of water pollution and water resource shortages have been serious. Establishing transverse eco-compensation mechanisms becomes the key method to achieve sustainable use of water resources. Based on statistical and questionnaire data, this paper uses the Opportunity Costs Method and Willingness to Pay approach to establish a transverse eco-compensation standard calculation model for the Middle Route Project of the South- to-North Water Diversion. The results show that the upper and lower limits of the transverse eco-compensation standard for the Middle Route Project is $2.52 billion and $2.20 billion every year, respectively. However, the paying and receiving standards varied widely among different compensation payers and compensation receivers. Meanwhile, the significant factors influencing the paying willingness of the receiver area citizens were age, education level, average revenue per month, knowledge about the South-to-North Water Diversion Project and recognition of the importance of eco-environmental integrity. This study began with a theoretical analysis, then analysed related problems related to calculating transverse eco-compensation standards for the Middle Route Project of the South-to-North Water Diversion by an empirical study. This empirical study helps to establish effective transverse eco-compensation mechanisma and promotea the development of effective policies and legislation.