地层建模中钻井与地质平面数据间偏差检测及修正

三维地层模型的精度直接影响其应用价值,利用多元数据耦合建模是提高模型精度的重要策略。在分析影响三维地层模型精度因素的基础上,以钻井数据和地质平面数据耦合建模为例,研究了在构建地层界面时两类数据之间偏差的自动检测及修正方法,该方法主要应用了GIS空间探索性分析技术及钻井影响域技术,其基本的思路为：提取一地层面的钻井数据和地质平面数据,合并后建立Voronoi图;利用分配给Voronoi图中每一单元的熵值或聚类属性,检测钻井数据相对于地质平面数据的偏差情况,提取存在较大偏差的钻井;利用钻井影响域技术对地质平面数据有针对地进行局部修正。测试结果表明,该技术能够实现多元地层建模数据的一致性处理,效率高、结果相对可靠。     

Reply to “Comments on Climatology: The Challenge for the Eighties Revisited”

Book reviews in this article

The Heated Debate: Greenhouse Predictions Versus Climate Reality. ROBERT C. BALLING JR. San Francisco: Pacific Research Institute for Public Policy, 1992. xxxvi and 195 pp., diags., tables, index, and biblio. $21.95 cloth (ISBN 0-936488-47-6).

Mountain Weather and Climate, 2nd edition. ROGER G. BARRY. New York: Routledge, Chapman and Hall, 1992. xx and 402 pp., maps. diags., photos, index, and biblio. $89.95 cloth (ISBN 0-415-07112-7); $29.95 paper (ISBN 0-415-07113-5).

Late Quaternary Environmental Change: Physical and Human Perspectives. MARTIN BELL and MICHAEL J. C. WALKER. Essex, England: Longman Group, 1992. xiv and 273 pp., maps, diags., index, and biblio. $39.95 paper (ISBN 0-582-04514-2).

Planning for Earthquakes. PHILIP R. BERKE and TIMOTHY BEATLEY. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992. xv and 210 pp., maps, diags., photos, tables, app., acronyms, index, and biblio. $38.00 cloth (ISBN 0-8018-4255-7).

Industrialization and Development in the Third World. RAJESH CHANDRA. London: Routledge, 1992. xvii and 124 pp., maps, figs., photos, and index. $14.95 paper (ISBN 0-415-01380-1).

Waste Location: Spatial Aspects of Waste Management, Hazards and Disposal. MICHAEL CLARK, DENIS SMITH, and ANDREW BLOWERS, eds. London: Routledge, 1992. xv and 257 pp., maps, diags., index, and refs. $85.00 cloth (ISBN 0-415-04824-9).

Water Diversion and Export: Learning from Canadian Experience. J. C. DAY and FRANK QUINN. Waterloo, Ontario: Department of Geography, University of Waterloo, 1992. xx and 215 pp., 14 maps, 4 diags., 17 tables, 12 photos, glossary, and biblio. $25.00 (Can.) paper (ISBN 0-921083-42-4).

The Native Population of the Americas in 1492, 2nd edition. WILLIAM M. DENEVAN, ed. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1992. xxxviii and 353 pp., maps, figs., tables, index, biblio. $45.00 cloth (ISBN 0-299-134-30-X); $14.95 paper (ISBN 0-299-13434-2).

Touring North America (series). ANTHONY R. DE SOUZA, ed. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1992. 13 volumes; pages varying from approximately 100 to approximately 300 each; maps, diags., indices, and biblios. $9.95 each paperback; $25.00 each volume in cloth; boxed gift set of all 13 volumes in paperback $129.95. (ISBNs for cloth and paperback editions range from 0-8135-1870-9 to 0-8135-1895-4 inclusive).

Urban Transport Planning: A Developmental Approach. HARRY T. DIMITRIOU. New York: Routledge, 1992. xviii and 346 pp., diags., index, and biblio. $92.50 cloth (ISBN 0-415-03857-X).

Colonialism and Development in the Contemporary World. CHRIS DIXON and MICHAEL HEFFERNAN, eds. Rutherford, NJ: Mansell, 1991. viii and 232 pp., maps, diags., index, and biblio. $70.00 cloth (ISBN 0-7201-2072-1).

The Betweenness of Place: Towards a Geography of Modernity. J. NICHOLAS ENTRIKIN. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991. xii and 196 pp., notes, and indices. $38.50 cloth (ISBN 0-8018-4083-X); $13.95 paper (ISBN 0-8018-4084-8).

The Women Outside: Meanings and Myths of Homelessness. STEPHANIE GOLDEN. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992. ix and 265 pp., index and biblio. $25.00 cloth (ISBN 0-520-07158-1).

The Transformation of Agriculture in the West. DAVID GRIGG. Oxford, England, and Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell, 1992. xiv and 141 pp., maps, diags., index, and biblio. $19.95 paper (ISBN 0-631-17094-4).

Derelict Landscapes: The Wasting of America's Built Environment. JOHN A. JAKLE and DAVID WILSON. Savage, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 1992. xviii and 342 pp., illus., index, biblio. $65.00 cloth (ISBN 0-8476-7735-4); $23.50 paper (ISBN 0-8476-7736-2).

Iranian Cities: Formation and Development. MASOUD KHEIRABADI. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1991. xiv and 132 pp., maps, diags., photos, appendices, notes, glossary, biblio., and index. $27.50 cloth (ISBN 0-292-72468-3).

The Pentagon and the Cities. ANDREW KIRBY, ed. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, 1991. Urban Affairs Annual Reviews, vol. 40. x and 207 pp., tables, maps, index, and biblio. $43.95 cloth (ISBN 0-8039-3845-4); $19.95 paper (ISBN 0-8039-3846-2).

Geographic Perspectives on Soviet Central Asia. ROBERT A. LEWIS, ed. London and New York: Routledge, 1992. xv and 323 pp., maps, diags., index, and biblio. $69.95 cloth (ISBN 0-415-07592-0).

Conquest and Survival in Colonial Guatemala: A Historical Geography of the Cuchumatan Highlands, 1500–1821. W. GEORGE LOVELL. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1992. xxxviii and 279 pp., maps, diags., glossary, notes, index, and biblio. $19.95 paper (ISBN 0-7735-0903-8).

Contested Lands: Conflict and Compromise in New Jersey's Pine Barrens. ROBERT J. MASON. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1992. xii and 257 pp., maps, tables, index, and biblio. $44.95 cloth (ISBN 0-87722-925-2).

Making Sense of Place: Children's Understanding of Large-Scale Environments. M. H. MATTHEWS. Savage, MD: Harvester Wheatsheaf, Barnes and Noble Books, 1992. xiv and 271 pp., maps, diags, tables, index, and biblio. $54.50 cloth (ISBN 0-389-20987-2).

Sources of Metropolitan Growth. EDWIN S. MILLS and JOHN F. MCDONALD, eds. New Brunswick: Center for Urban Policy Research Press, 1992. xxvii and 306 pp., maps, diags., index, and biblio. $29.95 cloth (ISBN 0-88285-135-7).

Resource Management in Developing Countries. PETER H. OMARAOJUNGU. Harlow, England: Longman, 1992. xvi and 213 pp., maps, diags., tables, index, and biblio. $39.95 paper (ISBN 0-582-30102-5).

A Moveable Shore: The Fate of the Connecticut Coast. PETER C. PATTON and JAMES M. KENT. Durham: Duke University Press, 1992. viii and 143 pp., maps, diags., index, and biblio. $49.95 cloth (ISBN 0-8223-1128-3); $19.95 paper (ISBN 0-8223-1147-X).

Agricultural Reform in China: From Communes to Commodity Economy 1978–1990. SIMON G. POWELL. Manchester, England: Manchester University Press, 1992. viii and 231 pp., maps, diags., tables, and biblio. $69.95 cloth (ISBN 0-7190-3382-9).

The Caribbean in the Wider World, 1492–1992: A Regional Geography. BONHAM C. RICHARDSON. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. xvi and 235 pp., maps, tables, index, and biblio. $49.95 cloth (ISBN 0-521-35186-3); $16.95 paper (ISBN 0-521-35977-5).

Scavengers, Recyclers, and Solutions for Solid Waste Management in Indonesia. DANIEL T. SICULAR. Berkeley: Center for Southeast Asian Studies, University of California at Berkeley, 1992. xii and 197 pp., maps, tables, photos, glossary, biblio., and index. $16.50 paper (ISBN 0-944613-13-6).

The Sphinx in the City: Urban Life, the Control of Disorder, and Women. ELIZABETH WILSON. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992. 191 pp., plates, index, and biblio. $35.00 cloth (ISBN 0-520-07850); $14.00 paper (ISBN 0-520-07864-0).

The Cultural Geography of the United States: A Revised Edition. WILBUR ZELINSKY. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, Inc., 1992. ix and 226 pp., maps, diags., index, and biblio. $21.95 paper (ISBN 0-13-194424-X).     

Diagrammatic solutions for hydraulic head moments in 1-D and 2-D bounded domains

We present a diagrammatic method for solving stochastic 1-D and 2-D steady-state flow equations in bounded domains. The diagrammatic method results in explicit solutions for the moments of the hydraulic head. This avoids certain numerical constraints encountered in realization-based methods. The diagrammatic technique also allows for the consideration of finite domains or large fluctuations, and is not restricted by distributional assumptions. The results of the method for 1-D and 2-D finite domains are compared with those obtained through a realization-based approach. Mean and variance of head are well reproduced for all log-conductivity variances inputted, including those larger than one. The diagrammatic results also compare favorably to hydraulic head moments derived by standard analytic methods requiring a linearized form of the flow equation.     

Modelling three‐dimensional geoscientific fields with the Voronoi diagram and its dual

Fields as found in the geosciences have properties that are not usually found in other disciplines: the phenomena studied are often three‐dimensional (3D), they tend to change continuously over time, and the collection of samples to study the phenomena is problematic, which often results in highly anisotropic distributions of samples. In the geographical information system (GIS) community, raster structures (voxels or octrees) are the most popular solutions, but, as we show in this paper, they have shortcomings for modelling and analysing 3D geoscientific fields. As an alternative to using rasters, we propose a new spatial model based on the Voronoi diagram (VD) and its dual the Delaunay tetrahedralisation (DT), and argue that they have many advantages over other tessellations. We discuss the main properties of the 3D VD/DT, present some GIS operations that are greatly simplified when the VD/DT is used, and, to analyse two or more fields, we also present a variant of the map algebra framework where all the operations are performed directly on VDs. The usefulness of this Voronoi‐based spatial model is demonstrated with a series of potential applications.     

基于气象监测网络的森林火险快速预警模型

森林火灾发生频繁且突发性强,进行森林火险快速预警对于减小森林火灾损失和促进森林资源可持续发展至关重要。本文基于GIS空间分析和可视化技术,利用地面气象站构建实时气象监测网络,设计了运用气象监测网络的森林火险预警模型,可实现森林火险及时、快速预警。模型应用层次分析法建立了预警因子重要性层次结构并确定预警因子的权重;运用Voronoi图技术,基于气象站点和实时气象数据,构建气象监测网络;利用叠置分析技术计算得出预警结果。基于该模型设计的森林火灾快速预警系统应用于青海省林业局,验证了系统可行性与适用性,该模型可全面、准确、快速地实现对森林火险的预警。结果表明：① 根据预警模型及实时气象监测数据,可及时发出预警信号,快速实现县级、林场级别的森林火险早期预警和及时响应;② 运用GIS可视化技术,可快速生成相关区域森林火险的空间分布专题图,直观地观察预警等级的变化情况。实践表明,森林火险快速预警对森林火灾进行有效预防、中断管理和制定扑救措施具有重要的指导作用,并对森林防火工作、保护森林资源和人类生命财产安全具有重大意义。     

一种基于Voronoi多边形的海底底质表示方法

海底底质对舰船航行、锚泊、登陆、铺设海底管线等海上活动具有重要的影响。文中提出了一种基于同质Voronoi多边形的海底底质分布可视化方法。通过构建Delaunay三角网,求取Voronoi多边形顶点,并依次排序顶点,从而生成构成Voronoi图。在Voronoi图的基础上,提出了同底质Voronoi多边形合并的具体算法,并处理与岸线相交的区域。实验表明,文中所提方法对于海底底质分布的可视化表达,比传统方法更为形象、直观。     

冰脊形成过程的离散元模拟及影响因素分析

冰脊对极地船舶及海洋工程结构的冰载荷设计及冰区安全运行具有重要的影响,其几何形态是重要的考虑因素。为研究冰脊的几何形态,本文基于Voronoi切割算法构造扩展多面体海冰单元,并使其相互冻结形成平整冰;采用离散单元法模拟海冰在相对运动时挤压形成冰脊的动力过程,统计分析脊帆高度、龙骨宽度、龙骨深度、龙骨水平倾角等主要几何参数,并确定这些几何参数间的对应关系。将离散元模拟结果同冰脊现场观测资料对比分析以验证扩展多面体离散元方法模拟冰脊形成过程的可行性。在此基础上讨论冰厚、冰速、海冰强度等因素对冰脊形态的影响。本文采用离散元方法对冰脊形成过程及几何特性的数值分析可为深入开展冰脊的形成机理及其对船舶、海洋工程结构物的冰载荷分析提供参考依据。     

新疆城市经济区划分及影响范围

明确且合理的城市经济区和空间组织是区域内各城市实现功能整合的前提,也是实现城乡统筹、有序协调发展的基础。通过因子分析方法来计算城市的中心性指数,在GIS软件的支持下,利用Voronoi图对地理空间进行分割,逐层递归,确定不同等级的中心城市,并构建城市断裂点理论与倍增加权Voronoi图相融合的GIS空间分析方法,划分城市经济影响范围。结果表明:第一,采用简单Voronoi的递归算法,依据城市的中心性指数,选出不同等级的中心城镇,很好地体现了中心职能在地域空间上的分布;第二,基于城市断裂点理论的倍增加权Voronoi图,不仅考虑了城市的实力,而且考虑了城市之间的空间邻近关系,并且很好地反映城市之间的空间竞争关系。第三,这种技术方法结合自然地理条件和行政区划等人文要素的定性分析,具有一定的科学性和现实意义。本文结合新疆独特的地理环境,探讨了新疆各级中心城镇和影响范围,旨在运用新技术和定量化的方法更科学地划分城市经济区,结合现有的城镇现状和发展战略,为未来新疆的城市与区域规划科学决策提供参考。     

基于加权Voronoi图的城市腹地界定方法研究——以成渝经济圈为例

中心城市腹地合理地划分对区域的资源整合、协调发展起到关键性的作用。本文立足于加权Voronoi图,将城市的中心性强度及综合交通可达性作为权重引入断裂点模型中,修正了断裂点模型中的城市人口规模,构建了加权Voronoi图城市腹地界定新模型;并以成渝经济圈36个中心城市为例,对模型进行验证。研究表明,成渝经济圈各中心城市腹地与行政区范围吻合度较差。根据腹地与行政区范围大小的比值将城市划分为3类:比值大于100%的城市具有良好的适合腹地向外扩展的条件,对周边城市的发展有较大影响;比值在60%~100%之间的城市对周边城市的发展起到一定作用;比值小于60%的城市则说明周边城市的影响力远远大于本市。而四川省的成都市和重庆市的主城作为区域实力最强的城市,其腹地范围并不是最大的,这表明城市腹地的范围及大小主要由中心城市的综合实力和周边城市的综合实力共同决定。这是对成渝经济圈各城市腹地的重新界定,对成渝经济圈城市规划有一定参考意义。