一种基于Voronoi图的人防警报器空间选址算法

首先通过声学传播原理研究了警报器覆盖范围模型,结合Voronoi图影像范围、最大空心圆策略和平面完全剖分等特性,提出了基于Voronoi图的警报器空间选址算法。文章详细阐述了算法基本思想和流程,最后进行了算法组件设计和系统开发实践。实践表明采用该算法能满足城市警报器合理选址和适当重叠覆盖的要求,并具有其优越性。     

San Diego trough geotechnical test area

Abstract

The San Diego Trough Geotechnical Test Area, located about 24 km southwest of San Diego in a water depth of about 1.2 km, lies near the base of the Coronado Escarpment directly north of the Coronado Fan. A new bathymetric map delineates a shallow basin in the soft, highly plastic, clayey silts flooring the Test Area. Measurements of shear strength by vane and static cone pene‐trometer, and bulk density by nuclear densitometer, were made in place from the submersible Deep Quest. Sixteen short (< 1.6 m) gravity cores were collected from ships.

The geotechnical properties show little areal variation and generally change uniformly with depth within the 55 km² Test Area. Silt is the predominant grain size, averaging about 62%. In‐place bulk density shows little change with increasing depth, values range from 1.23 to 1.26 Mg/m³; laboratory density values increase with depth, ranging from 1.30 to 1.52 Mg/m³ between the surface and a depth of about 1.1 m. The difference between the in place and laboratory values may indicate sampling densification of the cored sediment. Water content in the cores decreases uniformly within the range of 249 to 43% dry weight. Shear strength increases linearly with depth. The laboratory shear strength values are lower than the in place values, which range from 4 kPa at the surface to about 29 kPa at a depth of 3.27 m. Predictor equations relate Atterberg limits, bulk density, water content, and laboratory and in place shear strength to depth. Sedimentation‐compression e log p curves have an equivalent compression index of 1.5 to nearly 2. Excluding rurbidite layers and sampling disturbance effects, all cores indicate a uniform depositional environment in the surface to 1.6 m of sediment sampled. The geotechnical properties indicate that the sediments in the west central and southwest parts of the Test Area exhibit vertical heterogeneity due to thin silt‐sand layers, presumably of turbidity current origin, that originated from the Coronado Canyon.     

城市空间相互作用理论模型的演进与机理

城市空间相互作用理论是城市地理学的重要基础理论。由于城市空间相互作用模型发端于西方,我国这方面的研究相对较晚,主要是引进和实证,在理论研究上还有待深入。本文分析了几种主要城市空间相互作用理论模型的机制和原理,考虑到断裂点模型应用较广,经过了较多的实践验证,重点探讨了该模型的缺陷、演进和扩展形式,从理论上论证了将空间分割原理和断裂点模型结合的扩展模型的科学性和合理性。对城市空间相互作用理论模型的研究,不仅可以为城市规划、城市影响空间和城市经济区的划分以及行政区划调整提供理论基础,而且对物流分析、设施选址、市场影响力的分析等也具有重要的指导作用。从分析城市空间相互作用理论模型演进的过程中还可以得到深刻的启发：地理学以复杂的自然、人文现象为研究对象,是一门边缘学科,又是一门实践性很强的学科。地理学应积极借鉴其他学科最新的理论、技术与方法是十分必要的,是推动其自身发展的关键所在。     

基于网络加权Voronoi图分析的南京市商业中心辐射域研究

道路网络在城市社会和经济活动中发挥重要作用.它是联系商业中心与需求间的桥梁.道路系统的更新与变化必然会对它们的关联产生影响Voronoi图足划分势力空间的有效工具,基于道路网络分析构建的加权Voronoi图可以模拟城市商业中心功能辐射的实际情形.本文给出了基于道路网络分析的Voronoi图和加权Voronoi图构建方法.通过对各种Voronoi图的比较分析,认为基于网络路径时间分析构建的加权Voronoi面域图在商业中心辐射域模拟中最为有效.将空间相互作用和断裂点理论与网络加权Voronoi面域图相结合.模拟不同交通条件下南京市商业中心辐射域空间格局及其需求覆盖变化,并提取了辐射域的覆盖面积、覆盖人口、最远辐射路径距离和平均辐射路径距离等信息.对商业中心的地铁邻近度与其辐射域的扩张面积进行相关分析.采用域邻接矩阵描述空间划分平衡与不平衡之间的相互转变过程,可分析道路系统变更后商业中心之间空间竞争的变化趋势.分析结果表明商业中心的地铁邻近度与辐射域的扩张具有较大的相关性,快速轨道交通在商业中心空间竞争中发挥关键作用.     

Thermodynamical constraints on the crystallization of a deep magma-ocean on Earth

It has been argued that the crystallization of the magma ocean (MO) after the Moon-forming impact led to the formation of a basal magma ocean (BMO). We search which primordial conditions of pressure, temperature and chemical composition could be compatible with such scenario, based on thermodynamical constraints. The major requirement is an early formation of a viscous layer (VL) of mantle material (i.e. bridgmanite (Bg)) at mid lower-mantle depth, which could insulate thermally and chemically the BMO from the rest of the mantle. To produce such VL, Bg grains should be: (i) neutrally buoyant at mid lower-mantle depths, (ii) sufficiently abundant to produce an efficient insulating layer, and (iii) aggregated to the boundary layer from above and below. The first and the second require a large amount of MO crystallization, up to more than 45%, even in the most favorable case of all Fe partitioning into the melt. The latter is very questionable because the Bg grains have a very small settling velocity. We also investigate different scenarios of MO crystallization to provide constraints on the resulting core temperature. Starting from a fully molten Earth, a temperature as high as ～4725 K could be found at the core–mantle boundary (CMB), if the Bg grains settle early atop the CMB. Such a basal layer of Bg can efficiently decouple from each other the cooling rates of the core and the mantle above the VL. If the settling velocity of Bg grains is too low and/or the MO is too turbulent, such basal VL may not form. In this case, the CMB temperature after MO solidification should stabilize at ～4350 K. At this temperature, enough Bg grains are crystallized to make the mushy mantle viscous at any mantle depth.     

地理多要素Voronoi图相邻关系下的地图放大裁剪方法

针对以欧氏距离作为放大因子对电子地图进行放大裁剪引起的信息失衡问题,提出了采用地理多要素Voronoi图相邻关系的地图放大裁剪方法,可有效避免以欧氏距离作为地图放大因子的地图信息失衡问题。将电子地图中的地理要素分为点、线、面,对于点要素,构建它的Voronoi图;对于非点要素,即线和面要素,构建它们的近似Voronoi图,当用户对电子地图中感兴趣地理要素目标放大时,只需要提取该目标的多要素Voronoi图相邻要素的近似Voronoi图,并计算它们的最小外包矩形,将最小外包矩形区域用于最终的地图放大裁剪区域,则可较好地顾及用户感兴趣地理要素目标周围的地理要素信息,可提高地图的易读性。采用本文方法对某区域电子地图进行了试验,结果表明,地理多要素Voronoi图相邻关系的地图放大裁剪方法能够较好地顾及目标周边地理要素信息,避免了以欧氏距离为放大因子的地图信息失衡。     

Diagrammatic theory of effective hydraulic conductivity

This work presents a stochastic diagrammatic theory for the calculation of the effective hydraulic conductivity of heterogeneous media. The theory is based on the mean-flux series expansion of a log-normal hydraulic conductivity medium in terms of diagrammatic representations and leads to certain general results for the effective hydraulic conductivity of three-dimensional media. A selective summation technique is used to improve low-order perturbation analysis by evaluating an infinite set of diagrammatic terms with a specific topological structure that dominates the perturbation series. For stochastically isotropic media the selective summation yeilds the anticipated exponential expression for the effective hydraulic conductivity. This expression is extended to stochastically anisotropic media. It is also shown that in the case of non homogeneous media the uniform effective hydraulic conductivity is replaced by a non-local tensor kernel, for which general diagrammatic expressions are obtained. The non-local kernel leads to the standard exponential behavior for the effective hydraulic conductivity at the homogeneous limit.     

A complete classification of spatial relations using the Voronoi-based nine-intersection model

In this article we show that the Voronoi-based nine-intersection (V9I) model proposed by Chen et al. (2001, A Voronoi-based 9-intersection model for spatial relations. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 15 (3), 201–220) is more expressive than what has been believed before. Given any two spatial entities A and B, the V9I relation between A and B is represented as a 3 × 3 Boolean matrix. For each pair of types of spatial entities that is, points, lines, and regions, we first show that most Boolean matrices do not represent a V9I relation by using topological constraints and the definition of Voronoi regions. Then, we provide illustrations for all the remaining matrices. This guarantees that our method is sound and complete. In particular, we show that there are 18 V9I relations between two areas with connected interior, while there are only nine four-intersection relations. Our investigations also show that, unlike many other spatial relation models, V9I relations are context or shape sensitive. That is, the existence of other entities or the shape of the entities may affect the validity of certain relations.     

Plate tectonic settings for Precambrian basic rocks from Brazil by multidimensional tectonomagmatic discrimination diagrams and their limitations

Multidimensional discrimination diagrams (2006–2011) for basic and ultrabasic igneous rocks were applied to Precambrian rock suites from the Amazonian and São Francisco cratons, and the Tocantins Province, Brazil, to infer their possible tectonic settings. The chosen study cases in the Amazonian craton include the ca. 3.0 Ga metabasalts of the Identidade greenstone belt, 1.87–1.80 Ga Parauapebas anorogenic basalt-rhyolite dikes, 1.86–1.82 Ga Rio Branco anorogenic gabbro-basalt association, ca. 1.76–1.74 Ga Aripuanã and Teles Pires intracratonic basalt-felsic volcanic associations, and 1.76–1.74 Ga Jamari and 1.60–1.53 Ga Serra da Providência arc-related gabbroic rocks. In the São Francisco craton, we selected 1.48 Ga arc-related amphibolites of the Rio Capim greenstone belt, continental mafic dikes of Uauá (2.6 Ga), Curaçá and Chapada Diamantina (1.5 Ga), and Espinhaço (ca. 1.0 Ga). In the Tocantins Province, ca. 3.0 Ga komatiites associated with oceanic basalts of the Crixás and Guarinos greenstone belts were studied. The application of the diagrams generally provided consistent results with the authors’ proposed tectonic settings based on field relationships and geochemical data. The exceptions are some within-plate (continental) mafic dikes and basalts for which our diagrams do not work well. For comparison, we also used two ternary and two bivariate traditional discrimination diagrams for the data from the Amazonian craton, whose results were poorer than the newer multidimensional diagrams.     

泰森多边形和狄洛尼三角网的林木空间格局分析

Voronoi图依据地物之间邻近关系对空间进行剖分,Delaunay三角网是Voronoi图的对偶图.文章以单株木为平面点构建Voronoi图和Delaunay三角网,Voronoi图多边形面积表示林木影响范围,Delaunay三角网中每个三角形边长表示对应林木之间距离.在岳阳平江福寿林场设置12块标准地进行试验,计算基于Voronoi图的角尺度、传统的角尺度、基于Delaunay三角网的集聚指数和Voronoi图多边形面积的变异系数,结果表明:这4个指数均能反映样地林木之间的空间分布,变异系数对空间均匀分布和聚集分布有较好的区分度.