利用吸收和发光光谱技术分析高温高压天然富氢钻石的鉴定特征

对不同类型褐色钻石进行高温高压处理和结构特性研究是钻石研究中的难点和重点之一。前人对富氢钻石的研究主要集中于其特殊的生长结构以及其形成环境的探讨,而对富氢钻石经高温高压处理后的变化特征鲜有涉及。本文对经高温高压处理前后的富氢钻石的红外光谱、紫外可见吸收光谱以及光致发光光谱等谱学特征进行了对比,研究其鉴定特征。结果表明:高温高压处理前后的富氢钻石的光谱特征具有明显差异,特别是红外光谱,经处理后的钻石中与氮氢有关的吸收峰如3310 cm~(-1)、3232 cm~(-1)、3189 cm~(-1)等明显减弱甚至消失,并出现与孤氮有关的新的2688 cm~(-1)吸收峰;紫外可见光吸收光谱中,经处理的褐色钻石中的无选择性吸收(钻石呈褐色的原因)变为孤氮的典型吸收,即550 nm至短波的吸收以及N_3中心(415 nm)的吸收均明显增强,因此钻石也由原来的褐色变为黄色。钻石经处理前后的光致发光光谱中,与氮原子有关的缺陷类型、峰的强度以及缺陷组合也有变化。本文获得的光谱变化特征,为准确鉴定高温高压处理的黄色富氢钻石提供了依据,也为解释与氢和氮相关的晶格缺陷在高温条件下的变化机理提供了理论基础。     

Observations of NO2 and O3 during thunderstorm activity using visible spectroscopy

Simultaneous observations for the total column densities of NO2, O3 and H2O were carried on using the porta-ble Spectrometer (438-450 nm and 400-450 nm) and the visible Spectrometer (544.4-628 nm) during premonsoon thunderstorms and embedded hail storm activity at Pune (18o32’N & 73o51’E), India. These observations confirm the fact that there is an increase in O3 and NO2 column densities during thunderstorms. The increase in O3 was observed following onset of thunderstorm, while the increase in NO2 was observed only after the thunder flashes occur. This implies that the production mechanisms for O3 and NO2 in thunderstorm are different. The observed column density of NO2 value (1 to 3 × 1017molecules · cm-2) during thunderstorm activity is 10 to 30 times higher than the value (1 × 1016molecules · cm-2) of a normal day total column density. The spectrometric observations and observations of thunder flashes by electric field meter showed that 6.4 × 1025molecules / flash of NO2 are produced. The increased to-tal column density of ozone during thunderstorm period is 1.2 times higher than normal (clear) day ozone concentra-tion. The multiple scattering in the clouds is estimated from H2O and O2 absorption bands in the visible spectral re-gion. Considering this effect the calculated amount of ozone added in the global atmosphere due to thunderstorm ac-tivity is 0.26 to 0.52 DU, and the annual production of ozone due to thunderstorm activity is of the order of 4.02 × 1037 molecules /year. The annual NO2 production may be of the order of 2.02 × 1035molecules / year.     

Analysis and high-resolution modeling of a dense sea fog event over the Yellow Sea

A ubiquitous feature of the Yellow Sea (YS) is the frequent occurrence of the sea fog in spring and summer season. An extremely dense sea fog event was observed around the Shandong Peninsula in the morning of 11 April 2004. This fog patch, with a spatial scale of several hundreds kilometers and lasted about 20 h, reduced the horizontal visibility to be less than 20 m in some locations, and caused a series of traffic collisions and 12 injuries on the coastal stretch of a major highway. In this paper, almost all available observational data, including Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES)-9 visible satellite imagery, objectively reanalyzed data of final run analysis (FNL) issued by the National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) and the sounding data of Qingdao and Dalian, as well as the latest 4.4 version of Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) model, were employed to investigate this sea fog case. Its evolutionary process and the environmental conditions that led to the fog formation were examined by using GOES-9 visible satellite imagery and sounding observations. In order to better understand the fog formation mechanism, a high-resolution RAMS modeling of 4 km × 4 km was designed. The modeling was initialized and validated by FNL data. A 30-h modeling that started from 18 UTC 10 April 2004 reproduced the main characteristics of this fog event. The simulated lower horizontal visibility area agreed reasonably well with the sea fog region identified from the satellite imagery. Advection cooling effect seemed to play a significant role for the fog formation.     

利用全天空可见光图像反演天空辐亮度

由中国科学院大气物理研究所LAGEO实验室研制和开发的地基全天空成像仪,可实现地基全天空自动化观测,文中首先对全天空成像仪仪器及性能进行介绍.辐亮度是气象科学研究中基础而重要的气象要素,而全天空成像仪记录的是可见光红、绿、蓝三波段辐射信息的灰度值图像,因而无法直接应用到气象研究中.为能够从灰度值图像中获取天空辐亮度信息,文中详细介绍了与亮度反演密切相关的几个重要标定实验,包括儿何标定、光学标定,以标定参数为基础并结合全天空仪器成像原理提出了一个由可见光灰度图像反演相对天空辐亮度分布的算式算法.文中还利用大气物理研究所香河观测站(39.75°N,116.96°E)同时观测的全天空成像仪以及CIMEL光度计所观测的天空辐亮度数据(440 nm波长),对该反演算式进行检验和比对,结果表明,所提出的算法进行天空辐亮度分布反演可行,该算法将灰度图像与天空辐亮度建立了联系,有利于观测图像数据与数值模式模拟工作的相互对比和验证,有利于观测图像数据在模式研究中的应用.     

抗翻录攻击的鲁棒语音水印算法

水印为数字音频的版权保护提供了一种技术手段.然而,随着录用设备的普及,翻录攻击成为一种去除水印信息的有效方法.为了提高水印算法的安全性,提出了一种鲁棒的抗翻录攻击的数字语音水印算法.定义了离散余弦系数对数均值(discrete cosine transform coefficients logarithm mean,D...     

数字水印-图像版权追踪新技术

随着电子产品的普及以及Internet的迅速发展,数学图像的信息安全和版权保护是迫在眉睫的研究课题。水印技术作为一门新兴的学科能较好地解决安全问题,对此进行了讨论并作出了相应的实验。     

Design and implementation of spatial data watermarking service system

Nowadays, more and more digitalized spatial data are sold and transmitted on the Internet. Thus, there arises an important issue about copyright protection of the digital data. To solve this problem, this paper has designed and implemented a spatial data watermarking service (SDWS) system which can provide a secure framework for data transaction and transfer via the Internet and protect the rights of both copyright owners and consumers at the same time.     

矢量地图数据的水印技术综述

矢量地图数据在人类的社会、经济活动中发挥着不可替代的作用,许多行业如城市规划、环境保护、汽车导航、工程设计、资源勘察、土地管理、抢险救灾、观光旅游以及军事指挥等都离不开地图数据的支持。它具有易于更新、复制和分发等特点,同时,也方便了地图数据的非法复制、分发及伪造行为,它的版权保护问题日益引起人们的重视。分析了矢量地图数据的特点及可能的水印操作空间,总结了现有的矢量地图数据的水印算法及存在的问题,并指出了矢量地图数据数字水印需要进一步研究的问题。     

矢量地图点数据的盲水印算法

矢量地图点数据存储具有无序性。针对线数据的矢量地图水印算法不能直接应用于点数据的问题,该文提出了一种矢量地图点数据的盲水印算法。该算法将点数据的直角坐标转换为极坐标,自适应的划分扇形网格区域,并采用坐标映射与量化的方法嵌入水印信息。实验证明,该算法对裁剪、平移、删点、投影和坐标变换等操作,具有较好的鲁棒性,尤其是对裁剪操作,鲁棒性较强。     

基于小波变换的数字栅格地图复合式水印算法

本文提出了一种基于小波变换的复合式数字栅格地图水印算法,其基本思想是在数字栅格地图的不同频域块中分别嵌入鲁棒性数字水印和脆弱性数字水印。基于数字栅格地图相比一般影像数据具有较高亮度,低频分量具有更高感觉容量的特点,在地图的小波低频域上自适应嵌入鲁棒性数字水印,以实现地图版权保护功能;结合人类视觉系统特性,利用抖动调制技术在小波高频域中嵌入脆弱性数字水印,以实现地图内容完整性认证功能。试验结果表明,该算法能对地图内容的完整性进行认证,同时对常见的各种攻击诸如JPEG压缩、锐化、剪裁等具有良好的鲁棒性。