大海马游泳行为及游泳能力测定与分析

利用自制的鱼类游泳能力测定装置,观察了大海马垂直和水平方向的最大临界游速,描述了大海马的游泳行为,并评估其游泳能力。结果表明:水温25.5℃±1.0℃条件下,体长6 cm个体水平方向的临界游速达到峰值为4.23 cm/s±0.23 cm/s;随体长的增加和减少,临界游速都有所下降,体长至约10 cm时临界游速为2.86 cm/s±0.02 cm/s。该物种在水平游泳时,游泳速度与尾部的倾斜角度有关,倾角越大,速度越大,当倾角达到55°时,速度达到最大值,而大于该角度,身体就失去平衡不能进行逆水流游动。大海马体长在6 cm时达到垂直方向的临界游速峰值,为0.372 cm/s±0.014 cm/s,此时的绝对临界速度为0.085 BL/s±0.010 BL/s。至体长增长到13 cm时,基本趋于稳定,与水平方向游速变化趋势相似。     

节理峰值后归一化位移软化模型

切向荷载作用下贯通节理岩体峰值强度后的剪切应力、位移变形规律一般呈双曲线形式发展,即峰值后强度衰减速率逐步变小而趋于0,到达残余强度。直剪试验表明,非贯通节理岩体峰值后剪切应力、位移呈“S”型趋势发展,即强度衰减速率先是逐步增大,到达一定程度后逐步减少,最后趋于稳定达到残余强度值。贯通节理岩体峰值强度后的本构关系并不适合于描述该特征。提出一个新的非线性归一化位移软化本构模型,通过归一化剪切应力R与归一化剪切位移D的指数函数关系体现峰值后剪切应力、位移的发展趋势,即模型采用无量纲表达式。归一化剪切应力R是峰值后强度降? p-? 与峰值强度、残余强度差值? p-? r的比值;归一化位移D是峰值后剪切位移、峰值位移差值? -? p与残余位移、峰值位移差值? r -? p的比值。对含不同起伏角的非贯通节理岩体在常法向荷载条件下的直剪试验数据进行拟合分析,模型预测结果与实测值具有相当高的吻合度,验证了模型的正确性     

基坑土钉支护设计的简单算法研究

土钉支护技术在深基坑开挖和支护中已得到了广泛的应用,但对其工作机制和计算方法的研究尚不完善。目前数值模拟算法较多,但其本构模型准确地选择及相关参数的确定需要进行大量的三轴试验或真三轴试验。基于此,提出3个假设,建立简单的计算模型,并对土钉的工作机制深入研究,得到土钉拉力的“二半支抛物线”分布规律,推导出土钉支护设计的解析算法相关公式。以徐州彭城地下广场深基坑土钉支护工程为例,进行土钉拉力现场测试,对基坑水平位移、沉降进行观测,所测数据验证了文中公式的可靠性,为类似基坑工程的设计和施工提供参考。     

节理非线性问题的约束函数法

接触非线性主要表现在其接触状态的突变而导致的非光滑性,这种非光滑性可以通过约束函数进行光滑逼近,进而可以用Newton法得到近似解,此方法称之为约束函数法。岩土工程中常用的Goodman单元就是一种类型的接触模型,但其参数的确定及计算的收敛性都存在着一定的困难。然而把约束函数应用到常规的Goodman单元中则可以解决上述困难,在详细地给出了其有限元法后,给出了处理刚体位移的一种简便方法。作为算例,给出了叠梁和三峡3# 坝段坝基稳定性的计算结果。     

Effectiveness of simple approaches in mitigating residual deformations in buildings

Developments in performance‐based seismic design and assessment approaches have emphasized the importance of considering residual deformations. Recent investigations have also led to a proposed direct displacement‐based design (DDBD) approach which includes an explicit consideration of the expected residual deformations as an integral part of the design process. Having estimated the expected residual deformations in a structure, engineers are faced with the problem of reducing them to meet the targeted performance levels under pre‐defined seismic hazard levels. Previous studies have identified the post‐yield stiffness as a primary factor influencing the magnitude of residual deformations in single degree of freedom and multiple degree of freedom structures. In this paper, a series of simple approaches to increase the post‐yield stiffness of traditional framed and braced systems for the purpose of reducing residual deformations are investigated. These methods do not utilize recentring post‐tensioned technology. This contribution addresses the feasibility of altering the lateral post‐yield stiffness of structural systems by: (i) using different reinforcement materials with beneficial features in their stress–strain behaviour; (ii) re‐designing the section geometry and properties of primary seismic‐resisting elements; and (iii) introducing a secondary elastic frame to act in parallel with the primary system. The efficiency of each of these techniques is investigated through monotonic and cyclic moment‐curvature and non‐linear time‐history analyses. Of these approaches the design and introduction of an elastic secondary system was found to be most effective and consistent in reducing residual deformations. A simplified design approach for achieving the desired increase of a system's post‐yield stiffness is also presented. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

有限元与改进单纯形法联合编程技术在位移反分析中的应用

根据弹性地基梁法基本思想,考虑基坑分步开挖和逐级加撑的动态施工因素,通过有限元计算模拟基坑实际开挖过程。结合现场监测数据,采用位移反分析方法反演各土层m 值,并准确预测后续工况支护体的变形。采用有限元通用软件ANSYS内嵌的APDL语言编程建立支护体有限元计算模型,并应用数学软件MATLAB编制“改进单纯形法”优化程序,编写了接口程序,实现了MATLAB对ANSYS模型的实时循环调用和逐步寻优。武汉长江隧道武昌明挖段基坑工程算例证明,基于单纯形法的联合编程技术能方便、高效地被应用于支护体位移反分析预测中。建立了基于本工况预测下一工况或相邻断面的扩展型位移反分析预测模型,预测结果与实测结果拟合程度较高。     

Large‐scale poroelastic fractured reservoirs modeling using the fast multipole displacement discontinuity method

An effective approach to modeling the geomechanical behavior of the network and its permeability variation is to use a poroelastic displacement discontinuity method (DDM). However, the approach becomes rather computationally intensive for an extensive system of cracks, particularly when considering coupled diffusion/deformation processes. This is because of additional unknowns and the need for time‐marching schemes for the numerical integration. The Fast Multipole Method (FMM) is a technique that can accelerate the solution of large fracture problems with linear complexity with the number of unknowns both in memory and CPU time. Previous works combining DDM and FMM for large‐scale problems have accounted only for elastic rocks, neglecting the fluid leak‐off from the fractures into the matrix and its influence on pore pressure and stress field. In this work we develop an efficient geomechanical model for large‐scale natural fracture networks in poroelastic reservoirs with fracture flow in response to injection and production operations. Accuracy and computational performance of the proposed method with those of conventional poroelastic DDM are compared through several case studies involving up to several tens of thousands of boundary elements. The results show the effectiveness of the FMM approach to successfully evaluate field‐scale problems for the design of exploitation strategies in unconventional geothermal and petroleum reservoirs. An example considering faults reveals the impact of reservoir compartmentalization because of sealing faults for both geomechanical and flow variables under elastic and poroelastic rocks. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

地铁隧道保护区水平位移监测方法的研究

介绍一种在狭长的地铁隧道环境下基于边角后方交会的自由设站测量方法,阐述方法的原理,推导计算公式,结合在南京地铁隧道保护区监测水平位移测量的具体应用实例,分析方法的测量精度,证明方法在此类狭长条件下进行测量的可行性和可靠性。     

框架剪力墙结构模态静力非线性抗震分析方法研究

本文在模态pushover分析方法基础上推导建立了模态静力非线性分析方法,对一栋10层框架剪力墙结构进行了静力非线性分析,提出了目标位移求解的等效单自由度体系弹塑性时程分析迭代法,计算结果与相应时程分析结果进行了比较,表明两者吻合较好,验证了本文计算方法的有效性。另外,对同一结构,计算分析了在不同水平荷载模式下的静力非线性分析结果,比较不同荷载模式对计算结果的影响,为静力非线性分析方法的推广使用提供参考。     

Vertical Distribution of Meiobenthos in Bathyal Sediments of the Eastern Mediterranean Sea: Relationship with Labile Organic Matter and Bacterial Biomasses

Abstract. Quantitative information on the vertical distribution of meiofaunal abundances and biomass were obtained from samples collected at 3 bathyal stations in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea located at the same depth but characterized by different food supply. Vertical distribution patterns of nieiofauna were investigated in relation to the biochemical composition of the sediment organic matter (proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids) and compared to benthic bacterial standing stocks. No significant relationship between bacteria and meiofauna was found, whereas a significant relationship between protein and lipid concentrations and total meiofauna density was observed. These data suggest that labile organic matter. considered as material readily aVdihbk to benthic consumers, may be an important factor regulating meiofaunal abundance and vertical distribution in deep-sea sediments.