长江下游农业生态区CO2通量的观测试验

利用2001年6月10日~7月20日在安徽省全椒县稻田和2002年6月10日~7月20日在肥西县农作物混作区观测的近地层CO₂和能量通量资料，对农作物混作区和稻田CO₂通量特征进行了比较。结果表明:平均情况下，观测期内稻田白天(夜间)吸收(放出) CO₂为55.16 g·m-2(14.19 g·m-2)；农作物混作区白天(夜间)吸收(放出) C02为22.67 g·m”(12.40 g·m-2)；稻田白天吸收的CO₂通量随水稻生长而逐渐增加，夜间放出的CO₂在拔节期最高；农作物混作区CO₂通量在整个观测期并没有显著改变；稻田和农作物混作区均为大气CO₂的汇。对CO₂通量与光合有效辐射的关系分析表明:白天稻田吸收的CO₂通量与到达地面的光合有效辐射存在着显著的负相关关系。文中结果为数值模拟稻田与近地层大气CO₂交换提供了重要依据。     

Turbulent variance characteristics of temperature and humidity over a non-uniform land surface for an agricultural ecosystem in China

This paper describes the application of the variance method for flux estimation over a mixed agricultural region in China. Eddy covariance and flux variance measurements were conducted in a near-surface layer over a non-uniform land surface in the central plain of China from 7 June to 20 July 2002. During this period, the mean canopy height was about 0.50 m. The study site consisted of grass (10% of area), beans (15%), corn (15%) and rice (60%). Under unstable conditions, the standard deviations of temperature and water vapor density (normalized by appropriate scaling parameters), observed by a single instrument, followed the Monin-Obukhov similarity theory. The similarity constants for heat (CT ) and water vapor (Cq) were 1.09 and 1.49, respectively. In comparison with direct measurements using eddy covariance techniques, the flux variance method, on average, underestimated sensible heat flux by 21% and latent heat flux by 24%, which may be attributed to the fact that the observed slight deviations (20% or 30% at most) of the similarity “constants” may be within the expected range of variation of a single instrument from the generally-valid relations.     

EnKF中误差协方差优化方法及在资料同化中应用

集合卡尔曼滤波 (the Ensemble Kalman Filter,简称EnKF) 中将预报集合的统计协方差作为预报误差协方差,但该估计可能严重偏离真实的预报误差协方差,影响同化精度。基于极大似然估计理论,发展了一种优化预报误差协方差矩阵的实时膨胀方法,即MLE (the Maximum Likelihood Estimation) 方法。利用蒙古国基准站Delgertsgot (简称DGS站) 观测资料,基于EnKF方法和MLE方法,在通用陆面模式 (the Common Land Model,简称CoLM) 中同化了地表温度和10 cm土壤温度观测资料,建立了土壤温度同化系统。结果表明:MLE方法对地表温度和各层土壤温度 (尤其深层土壤温度) 的估计比EnKF方法准确。考虑到浅层和深层土壤温度的差别,在实施MLE方法时对浅层和深层土壤温度采用了不同的膨胀因子。对比膨胀因子为单一标量时的结果,多因子膨胀能缓解深层土壤温度的不合理膨胀,改善同化效果。     

基于人工神经网络的暴雨预报方法探讨

探讨了基于人工神经网络模型的暴雨预报方法。该方法仿预报员的暴雨预报思路，在动力模式的降水预报产品、环流形势场和暴雨落区之间通过人工神经网络建立非线性的统计预报模型，该模型的输入是动力模式的降水预报和初始环流形势场的扩展正交分解主成份分量，输出是预报区域的暴雨落区预报。2000年的汛期试验表明该客观预报方法可明显改进数值预报模式的暴雨落区预报，因此可望在业务预报中有较好的应用前景。     

Relaxed Eddy Accumulation Simulations of Aerosol Number Fluxes and Potential Proxy Scalars

Direct eddy-covariance measurements of aerosol number fluxes obtained during the 2007 CHATS field experiment in Dixon, California, USA are compared with relaxed eddy accumulation simulations using temperature and water vapour concentration as proxy scalars. After a brief discussion of the limited time response of the aerosol measurement, the applicability of temperature and water vapour concentration as proxy scalars for aerosol number concentration is investigated by evaluating scalar and spectral correlation coefficients as simple measures of scalar similarity. In addition, the proportionality factor b, which compensates for the use of a constant sampling flow in relaxed eddy accumulation, is derived from the time series of aerosol number, temperature and water vapour, and its variability is analyzed. The reduction of the b factor due to application of a deadband, i.e. the rejection of data when the vertical wind speed is close to zero, is evaluated for all three studied scalars, and compared with published functional relationships. In this study, using temperature or water vapour as proxy scalars for aerosol number shows no advantage over the use of a constant b factor. Thus, it is suggested to apply a deadband H _REA  = w′/σ _w  = 0.6 to 0.8 (where w′ is the vertical velocity fluctuation and σ _w is its standard deviation), to use a theoretical b factor based on a parameterization that includes a stability dependence, and to calculate the deadband effect according to a derived relation for aerosol relaxed eddy accumulation.     

Influence of Nocturnal Low-level Jets on Eddy-covariance Fluxes over a Tall Forest Canopy

Observations of low-level jets (LLJs) at the Howland AmeriFlux site in the USA and the jet’s impact on nocturnal turbulent exchange and scalar fluxes over a tall forest canopy are discussed. Low-frequency motions and turbulent bursts characterize moderately strong LLJs, whereas low-frequency motions are suppressed during periods with strong LLJs and enhanced shear. An analysis based on the shear-sheltering hypothesis seeks to elucidate the effect of LLJs on flux measurements. In the absence of shear sheltering, large eddies penetrate the roughness sublayer causing enhanced mixing while during periods with shear sheltering, mixing is reduced. In the absence of the latter, ‘upside-down’ eddies are primarily responsible for the enhanced velocity variances, scalar and momentum fluxes. The integral length scales over the canopy are greater than the canopy height. The variance spectra and cospectra from the wavelet analysis indicate that large eddies (spatial scale greater than the low-level jet height) interact with active canopy-scale turbulence, contributing to counter-gradient scalar fluxes.     

资料同化中二维特征长度随模式分辨率变化的分析研究

特征长度是资料同化中的重要参量,决定了观测信息在空间的传递特征,而特征长度随模式水平分辨率增减而变化的特点与背景误差湍流功率谱分布特点密切相关。通过对不同来源实际资料计算获得的特征长度数据分析和对理想数据数值试验分析,结果表明随着模式分辨率的提高,特征长度会按照二次根的规律递减。特征长度的这种变化由背景误差湍流功率谱,特别是与次天气尺度（20～60波）到中尺度波（大于60波）的湍流功率谱斜率特征决定。当湍流功率谱斜率从-5/3变化到-4时,特征长度随模式分辨率变化的敏感性降低。作者估计出的温度场的实际背景误差湍流功率谱斜率在次天气尺度到中尺度大约在-2.8左右。对特征长度的估计除传统方法外,可以根据背景误差的湍流功率谱斜率特征来更方便地给出,该方法可作为传统方法的补充来匹配应用。     

春玉米穗分化期低温对产量构成因素的影响

为探讨低温冷害对东北地区春玉米的影响,确定障碍型冷害对春玉米生育的影响程度,2015年以郑单958玉米品种为试验材料,利用人工气候室模拟低温（13℃,15℃,17℃）研究穗分化期（前期、中期、后期）春玉米产量构成因素和光合特性的影响。结果表明:春玉米在穗分化期受不同低温影响后,观测到的产量构成因素和光合特性的变化趋势相似;与对照相比,低温处理后,春玉米穗长和穗粒数显著减少、穗粒重显著降低,且温度越低,持续时间越长,影响越重;穗粗和百粒重变化不显著;穗分化前期低温对春玉米穗粒数影响最重,中期次之,后期较小;低温处理后春玉米叶片净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO₂浓度和蒸腾速率均显著降低;穗分化期春玉米遭受障碍型低温冷害造成穗粒数减少是减产的主要原因。研究结果可为春玉米障碍型低温冷害影响评估提供参考。     

中国西北沙尘源区与日本沉降区大气气溶胶粒子理化特征及对比

无论有无沙尘暴,低层大气气溶胶粒子浓度几乎不随高度变化。在沙尘源区,大气气溶胶粒子主要来源于地面沙尘,沙尘暴发生时气溶胶粒子的浓度大增,浓度峰值向粗粒径范围移动;在沙尘沉降区日本,当浮尘期时气溶胶粒子有地面沙尘和工业排放物两个来源,形成双峰型分布,当非浮尘期时气溶胶粒子主要是工业排放物来源,在<2.1μm细粒径范围形成一个峰值。水溶性成分也不相同,沙尘源区粒子以Ca2+、SO2-4、Na+、Cl-等沙尘来源离子为主,在3 3～4 7μm形成浓度峰值;沙尘沉降区以NH+4、NO-3等工业来源离子为主,在<2 1μm形成峰4、SO2-值。沙尘源区气溶胶粒子水不溶相都表现出K、Na元素亏损的特征,说明其气溶胶粒子是上部陆壳经过K、Na大陆化学风化的产物。     

江西大背坞金矿自然金及主要载金矿物标型特征

研究大背坞金矿自然金及主要载金矿物的标型特征认为：自然金形态复杂多样,粒度以大于０．０７６ｍ ｍ 的中粗粒自然金占其总矿物量的７５．２５％ ,从而导致金矿化极不均匀,自然金成色为９８１～９９５,其嵌布形式以石英硫化物裂隙金为主。黄铁矿、毒砂在矿体中分布极不均匀。黄铁矿以立方体自形晶占７７．２％ ,含砷高达２４００×１０－ ６～２１４００×１０－ ６。统计表明,金在粒度小于０．５ｍ ｍ 的中细粒黄铁矿中更高度富集,含金量大于１００×１０－ ６。毒砂以柱状自形—半自形晶及三连晶为主,宏观上可见几率比黄铁矿低,毒砂中平均含金３２．９９×１０－ ６,含钴、锑低,反映热液型毒砂的特点。矿化石英的包裹体研究表明,成矿流体是一种岩浆水与变质水的混合流体。