Chromium speciation and existing natural attenuation conditions in lagoonal and pond sediments in the former chemical plant of Porto-Romano (Albania)

Near the outskirts of the Albanian port of Durres on the Adriatic Coast, at a place called Porto Romano, an old chemical complex has been producing chromate salts for a period of ∼20 years (1972–1993). As a result large quantities of chromite ore processing residue (COPR) waste were released mainly as suspended particles and/or dissolved species in effluents, which settled in a decantation pond area, 200 × 250 m in size, east of the industrial plant. Unfortunately, pollutants were spread out with time. Knowing that chromium mobility and toxicity in natural settings is species dependent, the species characterization has been carried out in different sampling media (pond sediments, lagoonal sediments and water samples). Five pond profiles were sampled within the decantation area up to a depth of ∼1 m, till the underlying Quaternary lagoonal silty-clays were reached. Total Cr content is highly variable with values between 1,130 and 24,409 mg/kg which is clearly higher than the defined local background values for lagoonal silty-clays (198 mg/kg of Cr). Leaching of Cr(VI) especially occurs in the pond sediments, which are low in OC, CEC and clay content, under acidic and neutral pH conditions (e.g. up to ∼2,230 mg/kg Cr(VI) leached from a sample containing a total concentration of Cr 12,200 mg/kg). Moreover, leaching of the Cr(III) occurs only under strictly acidic conditions (maximum 1,144 mg/kg leached from a sample containing a total Cr-concentration of 17,608 mg/kg). In this study also a number of natural attenuation conditions (i.e. reaction with lagoonal clays rich in organic matter and iron as well as isomorphous substitution) have been recognized.     

Determination of Free Nickel Ion Concentrations Using the Ion Exchange Technique: Application to Aqueous Mining and Municipal Effluents

Free metal ion concentration is generally considered a useful indicator of a metal’s bioavailability and ecotoxicity to aquatic biota. This article reports the speciation of nickel in mining and municipal effluents from Sudbury (Ontario, Canada), and also in model solutions containing a fully characterized laurentian fulvic acid (LFA) at environmentally relevant concentrations. A column ion exchange technique (IET) using a cation exchange resin (Dowex 50W-X8) was applied to determine free nickel ion concentrations. In model solutions, reasonable correlation was found between the predictions of an equilibrium-based computer speciation code, Windermere Humic Aqueous Model (WHAM) VI, and the results obtained by IET at low nickel-to-fulvic acid ratios. However at higher mole ratios, the WHAM VI predicted higher free nickel ion concentrations than IET. Only three out of six effluent samples showed reasonable agreement between the IET and the WHAM VI results, indicating the need for further development of IET for application to effluent waters.     

自然状态与加热改性的黄铁矿处理含铬(VI)废水的实验研究

最近几年,人们对一些天然矿物在处理重金属污染物过程中所表现出的高效性、经济性和安全性倍加青睐,并逐渐发展成环境矿物材料研究的方向［１,２］。国外对某些矿物吸附机理也有较系统的评述,有关含铬矿物与有机物的作用也有报道［１,３］。１　实验部分（１）试样来源：黄铁矿取自硫铁矿矿山,经鉴定与粉碎,淘洗,烘干,筛分,磁选后获得。（２）含铬（ＶＩ）废水：用分析纯重铬酸钾（Ｋ２Ｃｒ２Ｏ７）和蒸馏水配制。（３）实验仪器：反应体系的酸度用ＰＨＳ３Ｃ型酸度计测定,反应平衡时的吸光度用ＵＶ１６０Ａ分光光度计测定,…     

Re-Envisioning the City: Lefebvre,HOPE VI,and the Neoliberalization of Urban Space

This study draws upon the urban theory of Henri Lefebvre to examine HOPE VI, a public housing demolition and redevelopment program administered by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. Hailed as a new approach to urban policy, the HOPE VI program embodies many of the key tenets of neoliberal urbanization, including an emphasis on entrepreneurial forms of urban regeneration and a focus on individual responsibility. To provide a lens for understanding this neoliberalization of space, we first detail Lefebvre's theorization of abstract space and transparency, highlighting in particular its nondialectical and depoliticized character. We then turn to examine the HOPE VI model and its implementation in Charlotte, North Carolina. Lefebvre's analysis, we argue, provides a useful entry point for interpreting the re-envisioning of urban space that underlies HOPE VI-style redevelopment, and therefore can potentially inform contemporary struggles against neoliberal urban policy.     

Relocation of urban poor in Chicago: HOPE VI policy outcomes

The HOPE VI program was created in 1992 as a tool for public housing authorities in the US to deconcentrate poverty in project-based public housing neighborhoods. As part of the process, thousands of public housing residents have been required to relocate. They have the option to move to temporary housing in another project unit, to leave the subsidized housing system all together, or to participate in local housing voucher programs. This study focuses on those public housing residents in Chicago who move with a housing voucher certificate. The purpose of the study is to evaluate and reveal the relocation outcomes of these voucher users, both numerically and geographically. Conditions in their origin and relocation tracts are examined using 1990 and 2000 US census data to determine if they relocated to less poor and segregated neighborhoods. Evidence shows that voucher users are moving in an outward direction away from the central city. This movement is reshaping the landscape of advantage and disadvantage in Chicago: suburbs are becoming poorer while the old neighborhoods are gentrifying. Poverty is highly concentrated in the neighborhoods chosen by most voucher recipients, but not as high as the poverty levels which existed in the old neighborhoods. Mapping relocation shows that outcomes vary geographically, demonstrating the importance for future research to address spatial and contextual differences.     

Fe°对U(Ⅵ)的地球化学屏障

通过静态吸附和动态实验研究了U(VI)在黏性土壤中加入Fe0与未加Fe0的吸附量和迁移速度。静态结果表明:加入Fe0使黏性土壤的吸附量、最大吸附量都大于未加Fe0的黏性土壤;通过180d的土柱动态迁移实验,U(VI)在加入Fe0的土柱中迁移了3cm;而在未加Fe0的土柱中迁移了5cm。因此,加入Fe0使U(VI)在核废料处置场天然屏障中的迁移速度降低,因而也减缓了铀污染源进入地下水的风险,使地球化学屏障更安全。     

改性膨润土去除水溶液中Cr^6＋的性能研究

文章研究了pH值、改性剂用量和改性时间对聚合氯化铝改性膨润土去除水溶液中Cr^6＋效率的影响。实验结果表明：（1）在不同pH值条件下改性得到的聚合氯化铝改性膨润土对水溶液中Cr^6＋的去除效果明显不同。在80℃反应5 h制得的聚合氯化铝改性膨润土,在pH值=7的中性条件下改性得到的改性膨润土对水溶液中Cr^6＋（取0.5g聚合氯化铝改性膨润土处理5mg/L重铬酸钾溶液100ml）的去除率达到最大值（98.35%）。（2）改性剂用量对聚合氯化铝改性膨润土去除水溶液中Cr^6＋影响很大。当pH值=7,在80℃反应5 h的条件下改性膨润土,改性剂聚合氯化铝选用13mmol/g膨润土为宜。（3）改性时间对聚合氯化铝改性信阳膨润土去除Cr^6＋有一定的影响。当改性剂的用量为15mmol/g,pH值=9,反应温度为80℃条件下,最佳改性反应时间是4 h。     

基于地表温度与植被指数特征空间反演地表参数的研究进展

遥感反演的地表温度(Ts)和植被指数(VI)构成的特征空间结合模型分析可以对显热通量、潜热通量及土壤含水量等地表参数进行估算.这种方法比较实用,且不过多地依赖地面观测数据.随着研究的深入,许多学者在Ts/VI特征空间基础上提出了更加丰富的空间变量.基于此,以不同空间变量为标准,分类介绍在Ts/VI特征空间的基础上对地表能量通量及土壤水分等参数的反演.其中包括在Ts/NDVI特征空间基础上提出温度植被干旱指数和条件植被温度指数来监测干旱;利用Ts/albedo特征空间反演蒸发比;用DSTV/VI特征空间反演蒸散量;用地气温差/植被指数特征空间反演蒸散量等.并介绍了Ts/VI特征空间与微波遥感结合反演地表含水量等相关研究的进展情况,最后提出未来研究的发展方向.     

天然黄铁矿除Cr（Ⅵ）中Cr2S3物相的发现

利用天然黄铁矿处理含Cr(Ⅵ)废水实验,在反应中与反应后黄铁矿表面和胶体沉淀物中明显出现Cr2p的XPS能谱峰,能拟合出574.7～575.1eV、576.6～576.9eV和578.2～578.7eV3个峰位,分别代表Cr2S3、Cr2O3和CrO3物相。在实验过程中新发现Cr2S3沉淀物相,表明在常温常压下的水溶液介质中也能产生铬的硫化物物相。充分利用这些含铬物相,能使天然黄铁矿包括天然磁黄铁矿在还原Cr(Ⅵ)的同时,无需加碱就可将Cr(Ⅲ)沉淀转移到胶体沉淀物中,处理后的上清液中全Cr含量低于1.5mg/L的国家允许排放标准。天然黄铁矿自身溶解出的重金属含量很低,不影响处理后的出水水质。开发利用Cr2S3等含铬沉淀物相,便于推广应用天然黄铁矿和磁黄铁矿还原Cr(Ⅵ)同时沉淀Cr(Ⅲ)的一步法除铬新工艺。     

Adsorption Behavior of Hexavalent Chromium in Vadose Zone

Adsorption behavior of Cr (VI) in vadose zone, which is silty clay and clayey soil, was studied through kinetics experiments, isothermal adsorption experiments under various conditions, including different ph, temperature and organic contents. The results from kinetics experiments showed that the sorption progress of Cr (VI) has clear features in different stages, and adsorption equilibrium showed at 30 min, the adsorption rate of silty clay and clayey soil were 60%. The isothermal adsorption curve of Cr (VI) fitted closely with Freundlich equation model. When pH is 3-5 a plateau were seen, thereafter with increase in pH the adsorption rate of Cr (VI) dropped sharply and the minimum achieved at pH 10, the adsorption rate were only 35%. Adsorption rate of Cr (VI) increased gradually with the increase of temperature, the temperature of vadose zone is 14.7 ℃, according to the experimental results, the adsorption rate of Cr (VI) is about 40%. The use of organics represents an important contribution to the sorption of Cr (VI), sorption rate up to 100% when 30% of organic content. These studies will provide basis for manager to minimize the impacts, and provide basic data for pollution prevention and remediation of vadose zone.