激光雷达技术在我国地形测图中应用前景广阔

激光雷达技术（Light Detection and Ranging,LiDAR）是近十年来快速发展并得到广泛应用的测量手段。美国地质调查局（USGS）、美国国家宇航局（NASA）以及美国地质学会（AASG）已经开始讨论建设全美高分辨率激光雷达数据库。我国正处于东部城市化、土地利用巨变、西部无图而经济高速发展的时期,国家、地方、企业生产单位迫切需要现实性强、精确度高、比例尺大的地形数据产品。满足这些要求的主要途径是采用激光雷达这一先进的测绘技术。我们建议国家、地方与企业统筹规划,各司其职,努力建设我国的激光雷达基础数据库。本文通过Stoker等（2008）介绍的第二届全美激光雷达战略研讨会上论述的激光雷达技术特点、激光雷达数据的科学需求与应用以及商业化运作问题,结合我国目前的激光雷达发展趋势、测绘数据需求以及土地利用变化监测等科学问题,简析激光雷达技术在我国的应用前景。     

中国西部地区基于经验模型的土壤水分反演

地表土壤水分含量的时空分布信息是十分重要的,常常作为水文模型、气候模型、生态模型的输入参数,同时,也是干旱预报、农作物估产等工作的重要指标。被动微波遥感是监测土壤含水量最有效的手段之一。相比红外与可见光,它具有波长长,穿透能力强的优势。相比主动微波雷达,被动微波辐射计具有监测面积大、周期短,受粗糙度影响小,对土壤水分更为敏感,算法更为成熟的优势。目前,已研究出许多反演土壤水分的方法.本课题的主要内容是借助AMSR-E土壤水分影像数据、MODIS归一化植被指数(NDVI)影像数据和MODIS分类影像数据,利用ENVI软件进行遥感图像数据处理,运用统计分析方法建立NDVI与土壤水分的经验模型,研究中国西部地区稀疏植被覆盖区土壤水分的反演。     

基于ArcGIS的城市基础地理信息系统符号体系研究

符号表达问题一直是城市基础地理信息系统建设中的一个难点,本文研究了城市基础地理信息系统中的符号体系,提出了一种基于ArcGIS平台的GIS符号体系及符号问题的整体解决方案,一定程度上解决了GIS无法满足制图要求的问题。     

A sub-pixel analysis of urbanization effect on land surface temperature and its interplay with impervious surface and vegetation coverage in Indianapolis,United States

This study developed an analytical procedure based upon a spectral unmixing model for characterizing and quantifying urban landscape changes in Indianapolis, Indiana, the United States, and for examining the environmental impact of such changes on land surface temperatures (LST). Three dates of Landsat TM/ETM+ images, acquired in 1991, 1995, and 2000, respectively, were utilized to document the historical morphological changes in impervious surface and vegetation coverage and to analyze the relationship between these changes and those occurred in LST. Three fraction endmembers, i.e., impervious surface, green vegetation, and shade, were derived with an unconstrained least-squares solution. A hybrid classification procedure, which combined maximum-likelihood and decision-tree algorithms, was developed to classify the fraction images into land use and land cover classes. Correlation analyses were conducted to investigate the changing relationships of LST with impervious surface and vegetation coverage. Results indicate that multi-temporal fraction images were effective for quantifying the dynamics of urban morphology and for deriving a reliable measurement of environmental variables such as vegetation abundance and impervious surface coverage. Urbanization created an evolved inverse relationship between impervious and vegetation coverage, and brought about new LST patterns because of LST's correlations with both impervious and vegetation coverage. Further researches should be directed to refine spectral mixture modeling by stratification, and by the use of multiple endmembers and hyperspectral imagery.     

造山带异源浆混花岗岩理论与方法研究

1：5万花岗岩填图方法在区调工作中推广以来,在造山带花岗岩调查实践中,由于造山作用及过程的复杂性,花岗岩浆的多源及多样性,使同源岩浆演化理论及方法遇到了难题。文章在新一轮1：25万造山带试点图幅,在对同源岩浆演化理论及方法的适用性进行探索的同时,提出了异源浆混理论指导造山带内部浆混花岗岩（H型花岗岩）的填图方法。并就异源浆混花岗岩鉴别标志等作了系统总结,提出了浆混组合、浆混单元、浆混体,填图的理论方法体系;给予了浆混花岗岩明确的定义。     

成像光谱矿物填图精度兼与矿物丰度关系初探

成像光谱遥感技术在岩石矿物识别和矿物填图方面发挥着越来越大作用,而成像光谱矿物填图的精度问题一直是研究的焦点。文章利用高光谱数据HyMap对新疆东天山地区的矿物填图结果,通过引入矿物填绘分布强度的概念,探索性的分析了成像光谱矿物填图与填绘矿物丰度的关系。     

南充市城区地质环境质量分区模糊评价

在收集了大量的地质资料的基础上,结合地理信息系统的数据库和空间分析功能,通过专家一层次分析法确定权重,运用模糊评判法对南充市城市地质环境质量进行分区评价。地质环境是城市建设和发展的基础,随着城市化进程加快,城市地质环境问题越来越突出。因此,对城市地质环境条件进行定量评价,对于城市规划和建设具有重要的指导意义：评价的结果将南充市城市地质环境划分为3个区11个亚区,各区地质环境质量有明显的差异,并提出城市建设合理的发展方向。     

基于ArcIMS的城市小区信息发布系统的设计与实现

利用ESRI公司新一代Web GIS产品Arc IMS9.0,结合ASP及IIS6.0、SQL Serve、ArcSDE等网络、空间数据库方面技术,建立了城市小区信息发布系统。总结了ArcIMS的特点和体系结构,提出了基于ArcIMS的城市小区信息发布系统的设计思路和方案,阐述了系统的具体实现方法。     

Open source, spatial analysis, and activity-travel behaviour research: capabilities of the aspace package

This paper reports on recent experience with the development of aspace, an Open Source (OS) library for the geographic visualization and analysis of activity-travel behaviour. The paper begins with an overview of recent progress with respect to the convergence of Open Source technology, spatial analysis, and travel behaviour research. The remainder of the paper focuses on aspace; a collection of functions that, when combined with data describing the geographical location of daily activities, can be used to visualize and describe spatial properties of individual and household activity spaces. These properties include: size, orientation, shape, and the geographical dispersion of activity locations contained within the activity space. Several planar geometries are used to transform measurable spatial properties into intuitive objects for visualizing spatial patterns of activity participation. Experiments are conducted, using data from the first wave of the 2003 Toronto Travel Activity Panel Survey, to demonstrate the potential application of aspace for basic and applied policy-based research into activity-travel behaviour. The toolkit is distributed as a downloadable ‘package’ from the Open Source R Project for Statistical Computing.      

建立现代测绘成果管理机制的探讨

测绘资料和测绘成果的管理,是新时期国家赋予测绘主管部门的重要职责,是我国信息产业的重要组成部分。建立现代测绘成果管理机制,将测绘成果纳入信息化管理系统,最大限度地发挥地理信息资源的潜在价值,将为建设大而强、富而美的新山东提供优质高效的测绘保障服务。