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71.
本研究以严重侵蚀退化马尾松林为研究对象,采取自然恢复和人工促进恢复2种措施对退化地进行修复,监测恢复前后生态系统碳贮量变化。结果表明:自然恢复和人工促进恢复后生态系统总碳贮量分别是恢复前的2.78和4.87倍,其中,植被层碳贮量分别是恢复前的14.30和30.87倍,土壤层碳贮量分别是恢复前的1.85和2.78倍。生态系统内土壤碳的恢复速率落后于植被。2种不同恢复措施相比,人工促进恢复的生态系统碳吸存速率显著快于自然恢复(P0.01),人工促进恢复后生态系统碳吸存速率是自然恢复的2.17倍,其中植被和土壤的吸存速率也分别是自然恢复的2.26倍和2.09倍。而且人工促进恢复后的退化系统,碳库在乔木层各器官的分配方式更符合健康生态系统的分配方式,系统功能和结构更加稳定,有利于系统后期恢复。因此,从退化生态系统恢复的紧迫性和长期性考虑,采取积极的人工促进恢复措施能维持退化系统快速、持续恢复。 相似文献
72.
Cooling rates based on the retrograde diffusion of Fe2+ and Mg between garnet and biotite inclusions commonly show two contrasting scenarios: a) narrow closure temperature range with apparent absence of retrograde diffusion; or b) high result dispersion due to compositional variations in garnet and biotite. Cooling rates from migmatites, felsic and mafic granulites from Ribeira Fold Belt (SE Brazil) also show these two scenarios. Although the former can be explained by very fast cooling, the latter is often the result of open-system behaviour caused by deformation. Retrogressive cooling during the exhumation of granulite-facies rocks is often processed by thrusting and shearing which may cause plastic deformation, fractures and cracks in the garnet megablasts, allowing chemical diffusion outside the garnet megablast – biotite inclusion system.However, a careful use of garnets and biotites with large Fe/Mg variation and software that reduces result dispersion provides a good correlation between closure temperatures and the size of biotite inclusions which are mostly due to diffusion and compositional readjustment to thermal evolution during retrogression.Results show that felsic and mafic granulites have low cooling rates (1–2 °C/Ma) at higher temperatures and high cooling rates (∼100 °C/Ma) at lower temperatures, suggesting a two-step cooling/exhumation process, whereas migmatites show a small decrease in cooling rates during cooling (from 2.0 to 0.5 °C/Ma). These results agree with previously obtained thermochronological data, which indicates that this method is a valid tool to obtain meaningful petrological cooling rates in complex high-grade orogenic belts, such as the Ribeira Fold Belt. 相似文献
73.
中国生态文明建设和“健康中国”战略强调切实治理影响人口健康的环境问题,建设健康人居环境。论文基于2000年和2010年中国人口普查资料以及2005年和2015年各省级行政单元1%人口抽样调查等数据资料,论文使用探索性空间分析方法刻画中国城市人口死亡率的时空变化特征,并采用空间回归方法,揭示城市PM2.5的平均浓度对人口死亡率的影响及其空间溢出效应,以及社会经济因素对PM2.5—人口死亡率关联的调节效应。结果表明:① 中国城市人口死亡率的空间分布特征呈现明显的异质性,高死亡率地区早期集聚分布于西南地区,2005年后在西南地区、华北地区、华东地区和华中地区呈现逐渐集聚分布态势。低死亡率地区长期集中分布于西北地区、东北地区、长三角地区、珠三角地区和京津两市。② 人口死亡率的分布存在空间关联性,高—高类型地区早期集中分布于西南地区,后期向东扩展;低—低类型地区主要分布于北疆、内蒙古西部和广东省及其周边地区。③ 城市PM2.5浓度对人口死亡率具有显著的正向影响,并且对邻近地区的人口死亡率具有显著的空间溢出效应。④ 中国城市PM2.5浓度对人口死亡率的影响存在学历差异和城乡差异,地区高学历人群集聚可降低PM2.5的健康风险,城镇化发展进程缓慢则会加重PM2.5的健康风险。研究旨在为防范空气污染暴露导致的健康风险、建设健康人居环境提供科学依据。 相似文献
74.
Raymond F. Smith K. Thomas Lorenz Darwin Ho Bruce A. Remington Alex Hamza John Rogers Stephen Pollaine Seokwoo Jeon Yun-Suk Nam J. Kilkenny 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2007,307(1-3):269-272
In recently developed laser-driven shockless compression experiments an ablatively driven shock in a primary target is transformed
into a ramp compression wave in a secondary target via unloading followed by stagnation across an intermediate vacuum gap.
Current limitations on the achievable peak longitudinal stresses are limited by the ability of shaping the temporal profile
of the ramp compression pulse. We report on new techniques using graded density reservoirs for shaping the loading profile
and extending these techniques to high peak pressures. 相似文献
75.
S. Kailas 《Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy》1986,7(2):53-57
From the experimentally measured (p,n) cross-sections for92,94Zr,93Nb,95,96,98Mo,103Rh,107,109Ag,110Pd,115In,117,122Sn nuclides, for proton energies below 7 MeV, thermonuclear reaction rates in the temperature range 1≤T
9≤5(T9=109 K) have been extracted. These reaction rates have been fitted to a three parameter empirical expression proposed by Fowler. 相似文献
76.
Hydrological processes of lowland watersheds of the southern USA are not well understood compared to a hilly landscape due to their unique topography, soil compositions, and climate. This study describes the seasonal relationships between rainfall patterns and runoff (sum of storm flow and base flow) using 13 years (1964–1976) of rainfall and stream flow data for a low‐gradient, third‐order forested watershed. It was hypothesized that runoff–rainfall ratios (R/P) are smaller during the dry periods (summer and fall) and greater during the wet periods (winter and spring). We found a large seasonal variability in event R/P potentially due to differences in forest evapotranspiration that affected seasonal soil moisture conditions. Linear regression analysis results revealed a significant relationship between rainfall and runoff for wet (r2 = 0·68; p < 0·01) and dry (r2 = 0·19; p = 0·02) periods. Rainfall‐runoff relationships based on a 5‐day antecedent precipitation index (API) showed significant (r2 = 0·39; p < 0·01) correspondence for wet but not (r2 = 0·02; p = 0·56) for dry conditions. The same was true for rainfall‐runoff relationships based on 30‐day API (r2 = 0·39; p < 0·01 for wet and r2 = 0·00; p = 0·79 for dry). Stepwise regression analyses suggested that runoff was controlled mainly by rainfall amount and initial soil moisture conditions as represented by the initial flow rate of a storm event. Mean event R/P were higher for the wet period (R/P = 0·33), and the wet antecedent soil moisture condition based on 5‐day (R/P = 0·25) and 30‐day (R/P = 0·26) prior API than those for the dry period conditions. This study suggests that soil water status, i.e. antecedent soil moisture and groundwater table level, is important besides the rainfall to seasonal runoff generation in the coastal plain region with shallow soil argillic horizons. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
77.
浮床无土栽培植物控制池塘富营养化水质 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
采用浮床无土栽培技术,在池塘水面种植景观植物--陆生植物美人蕉(Cana
generalis 相似文献
78.
D. R. Engstrom C. Whitlock S. C. Fritz H. E. Wright Jr. 《Journal of Paleolimnology》1991,5(2):139-174
Recent sediments of eight small lakes in the northern winter range of Yellowstone National Park were cored to examine stratigraphic records of past changes in limnology and local environment that might be attributed to grazing and other activities of elk, bison, and other large ungulates. Cores of undisturbed sediment were analyzed at close intervals to depths covering the last 100–150 years according to chronologies established by lead-210 dating. Pollen analyses were made to show change in regional vegetation, and diatom and geochemical analyses were made to reveal possible limnological changes resulting from soil erosion and nutrient input from the lake catchments.Variations in sedimentary components prior to establishment of the Park in 1872 indicate some natural variability in environmental factors e.g., erosional inputs in landslide areas west of Gardiner. All lakes had abundant nutrient inputs.After the Park was founded, fire suppression may have been responsible for small increases in pollen percentages of various conifers and Artemisia tridentata (big sagebrush) at different times in different lakes. Perceptible decreases in pollen of willow, aspen, alder, and birch at different times may reflect local ungulate browsing, although drier climatic conditions may have been a factor as well.The most striking manifestation of accelerated erosion in a catchment was found at a lake located beside a road constructed in the 1930s. In contrast to changes at this site, the record of erosion at other lakes is hardly perceptible. Changes in sediment-accumulation rates seen at most sites result from redistribution of sediment within the lake after initial deposition.In the century following Park establishment, the abundance of planktonic diatoms relative to benthic taxa varies among lakes and may reflect differential nutrient inputs or changes in lake level. Four of the five lakes analyzed for diatoms show in the last few decades an increase in planktonic relative to benthic species, implying elevated nutrient inputs. The recent flora, however, is similar to that in pre-Park levels which suggests that these lakes have not been perturbed outside their normal range. Increased nutrient supply in recent decades for at least two of the lakes is supported by the geochemical data, which show an increase in biogenic silica and in organic matter.As a whole, our investigation of the sedimentary record does not support the hypothesis that ungulate grazing has had a strong direct or indirect effect on the vegetation and soil stability in the lake catchments or on the water quality of the lakes. 相似文献
79.
Increased erosion rates during the last 2 Myr of Earth history are commonly associated with widespread glaciation and global cooling. However, whether erosion rates actually increased during that period of time remains debated. This is in part because the respective role of fluvial and glacial erosion is difficult to assess, and because many existing techniques used to estimate erosion rates may be affected by averaging biases that may produce increased erosion rates towards the present. Here, we apply thermoluminescence thermochronometry to granitic bedrock samples of the southern-central Chilean Andes, a region which experienced a full transition from glacial-humid to fluvial-dry conditions during the Quaternary. Inverse modelling of the thermochronological data enables us to extract unbiased time series of erosion rates during the last ∼100 kyr. We find that erosion rates were systematically higher during around the last glacial maximum than at present, with differences exceeding an order of magnitude. Our findings indicate that glacial erosion is probably more efficient than fluvial erosion and imply that erosion has remained transient during the Quaternary. 相似文献
80.