Influence of Obstacles on the Aerodynamic Roughness of the Netherlands

The aim of this study was to analyse the influence of large- and small-scale obstacles (orography, tree lines, and dikes) on the effective aerodynamic roughness of the Netherlands, a relatively flat, small-scale landscape. The roughness averaging approach was based on drag coefficients. The effective roughness was locally dominated by small-scale obstacles such as tree lines and dikes. Even at a regional scale (40,000 km2), the small-scale obstacle drag was of the same order of magnitude as the shear stress due to landuse. The neglect of those obstacles on a regional scale would result in approximately 10% overestimated averaged windspeed at 10~m above the surface. It was concluded that small-scale obstacles need to be taken into account to calculate the aerodynamic roughness of flat landscapes. Orography was of minor importance in this lowland country.     

汉江兴隆水利枢纽下游近坝河段枯水位下降及成因分析

汉江兴隆水利枢纽运行后,坝下游近坝段枯水位较建坝前下降明显,500~800 m³/s流量下,2021年较运行前坝下水位累计下降2.47~2.55 m,对工程安全及效益发挥带来不利影响。基于水文、断面、水下地形等观测资料,对枯水位下降的原因进行深入剖析。结果表明,兴隆水利枢纽的拦沙作用有限,皇庄以上沙量减少是兴隆以下河床冲刷加剧的重要原因,高水调平导致的年内枯水上滩几率下降和航道整治护滩工程是强冲刷过程中“滩淤槽冲”的核心因素。坝下游河段枯水河槽冲刷及汉口最低水位下降是造成兴隆近坝段枯水位下降的直接原因。随机森林算法分析显示,对兴隆坝下水位变化影响最大的因素为兴隆站输沙率的锐减。此外,航道整治工程、河床边界条件对枯水位下降也有十分重要的驱动作用。兴隆坝址及下游河段的河床组成偏细,2012-2022年虽然河床剧烈冲刷,但床沙组成没有出现粗化的现象,预计河床仍将继续冲刷下切,枯水位尚未达到稳定状态。     

祁连山区森林景观格局对水文生态效应的影响

在地理信息系统ArcGIS环境下,结合1987-2001年的水文资料,用Spatial Analyst、Hydrologic Modeling等扩展模块,对祁连山中段北坡大野口河流域和海潮坝河流域的景观格局与水文特征进行比较分析,结果表明:大野口河流域的景观组分以低海拔的草地和乔木林占优势,草地所占面积最大,整个景观较为破碎;海潮坝河流域的景观组分以高海拔的裸地和灌丛占优势,裸地所占面积最大,景观破碎化程度相对较低。大野口河流域的蒸散发占降水量的61%,流域径流系数为0.39;而海潮坝河流域的蒸散发占降水量的41%,流域径流系数为0.59。研究表明,导致两流域生态水文效应相差较大的主要原因是两流域不同的景观格局。     

Application of a stochastic model to the frequency and duration of monsoon rainfall

The paper deals with an application of a stochastic model to the frequency and duration of precipitation events. With the aid of the model, the magnitudes ofmth highest rainfall amount in 24 hours' duration with 97.5% probability are obtained for various climatic regimes over a tropical monsoon region. There is good agreement between them-day minimum rainfall estimated through the model and the observed value. The model satisfactorily explains the frequency of the extreme rainfall event.     

中国的公路建设与景观破碎程度

The phenomenon of habitat fragmentation which was resulted from anthropogenic disturbances for natural landscape or ecosystems such as removing original land cover, creating edge habitat, altering landscape structure and function, and increasing access fo…     

A Mirror Cracked: Ten Keys to the Landscape of the Calumet Region

Abstract

Southeast Chicago's Calumet region is many things to many people. Home to wetlands and wildlife, mills and millgate communities, landfills and brownfields, it seems to defy easy characterization. This paper argues that it is the jarring juxtaposition of each of these features that best reflects the area. Ten interpretive “keys” -or significant landscape-shaping elements form an interpretive frame.     

“I Still Have the Old Tradition”: The co-production of sweetgrass basketry and coastal development

Scholars working around the world have drawn attention to the physical and social changes associated with rural gentrification. Case studies from the United States have focused on how these patterns lead to the cultural displacement and replacement of land-based livelihoods, including non-timber forest product (NTFP) practices. Scholars have also documented the persistence of culturally and economically important NTFP practices in urban and suburban areas. We reconcile these disparate outcomes, displacement on the one hand and persistence on the other, by focusing on the social relationships that co-produce land use and livelihood change. Our case investigates how African American sweetgrass basketmakers in Mount Pleasant South Carolina negotiate the complex terrain of a rapidly urbanizing and gentrifying landscape.Analysis of interviews with basketmakers and participant observation at public meetings suggests that gathering materials and selling baskets occur across spaces not typically considered important for NTFP practices. Access to these sites depends upon continually reinforced and negotiated social relationships between a variety of actors. Findings illustrate that, by themselves, development and gentrification are insufficient for explaining livelihood and land use patterns that emerge in places experiencing intensive development. Using a co-production framework, we acknowledge the wide variety of complex trajectories and local power dynamics shaping land use and livelihoods. Findings also have implications for connecting global research on housing, employment, and demographic transitions associated with rural gentrification, to international NTFP research, which is increasingly turning to rural–urban interfaces for insights on how livelihoods are linked to land development and migration.     

Mid-Holocene hemlock decline and diatom communities in van Nostrand Lake, Ontario, Canada

Terrestrial ecosystem disturbances inferred from the fossil hemlock pollen decline (ca. 4,800 BP) and recovery (ca. 3,800 BP) affected van Nostrand Lake, including the diatom communities. Ecological models suggest the lake responded by eutrophying, reflecting higher nutrient influx resulting from increased erosion. A decline in lake productivity followed as the forest vegetation recovered and erosion slowed. Lastly, as the forest switched from early and middle successional species to mature species, lake productivity increased as erosion increased nutrient inflow, especially phosphorus. However, this eutrophication response was delayed or buffered, perhaps due to wetland development surrounding the lake. The lake never fully returned to its initial, pre-hemlock decline state, but oscillated between more eutrophic and more mesotrophic or oligotrophic stages, possibly reflecting other disturbances in the catchment and climatic change.     

Landscape in the sagas of Icelanders: The concepts of land and landsleg

This article presents a study of the Icelandic landscape concept, and its meaning and embedded connotations. The present-day understanding of the concept provides the point of departure to some of the oldest preserved examples of the term. The analysis thus centres upon the sagas of Icelanders that were written in the Middle Ages. The paper reveals that in the 14th century the concept referred to morphological qualities of land, and was often associated with an aesthetic appreciation thereof. The meaning of landscape as natural scenery has been explained as the outcome of artistic articulations of social relations in the wake of the Renaissance and Romanticism. Such accounts, however, do not explain the aesthetic connotations associated with the Icelandic landscape concept in the Middle Ages, described in this article. The results of the study thus indicate that there may be more to the landscape concept within the cultural domain defined by the Germanic languages than hitherto revealed, particularly in terms of aesthetic experiences of the natural environment. Subsequently, this article emphasises the importance of identifying the culturally embedded meaning of landscape as a concept in the Icelandic context, for successful implementation of the concept in planning practices.     

COMPUTER-ASSISTED TERRAIN STRATIFICATION

Terrain influences many ecological processes. Therefore, ecologists must consider terrain effects in sampling designs. Incomplete information on the ecological role of terrain, however, makes it difficult to account for terrain variability in sample designs. As a partial solution, we introduce a protocol that automatically stratifies complex terrain. This stratification method uses image-processing techniques to cluster digital images of slope, elevation, and aspect into homogeneous groupings. The technique is demonstrated for a stratification of complex terrain disturbed by a large forest fire. By identifying terrain complexity at several spatial resolutions, we were able to place transects that sample terrain variability and fire severity representatively across a controlled range of scales. [Key words: terrain, stratification, image processing, sample design.]