全球土地覆被时空变化与中国贡献

20世纪下半叶以来全球土地覆被发生了剧烈变化,人类活动对土地覆被变化的影响成为“人类世”最为显著的特征之一。科学评估全球土地覆被变化的时空过程和新态势,分析中国在其中扮演的角色和地位并提出优化路径,成为中国在可持续发展领域应对全球百年未有之大变局的核心任务之一。本文基于多源土地覆盖数据,运用地理空间分析方法定量刻画了全球土地覆被变化的时空演化过程,从景观尺度分析了地类间的转化关系以及全球“变绿”和森林覆盖度的变化趋势,揭示了中国对全球土地覆被时空变化的贡献。结果表明,1992—2015年全球土地覆被经历了显著变化,全球土地覆被变化度在南美洲中部、撒哈拉以南的非洲、中亚、东南亚和东亚等地形成显著的热点区。中国森林覆盖率从1990年的12.98%增至2020年的23.34%,湿地面积增长1908 km²,为维护全球生态安全贡献了力量,同时在城市用地增长、草地和其他用地减少等方面也有一定的限制作用。与全球其他国家不同,中国城市扩张占用耕地面积居全球第一位,高达7.3万km²。1999—2019年全球叶面积指数存在全球性的显著提高趋势。中国以仅占全球6.6%的植被面积,贡献了全球20%左右的叶面积增加量,引领了全球“变绿”过程。1990—2020年全球森林覆盖度变化呈现出空间集聚性。中国森林面积增长62.84万km²居全球前列,其中西南林区和秦巴山区是林地增长的主要区域,长三角、粤港澳大湾区和内蒙古东部部分地区是森林覆盖度降低的主要区域。中国未来应进一步提升经济社会发展与生态保护的均衡协调度,持续推进美丽中国建设,为全球生态安全和可持续发展贡献更大力量和更多经验。     

沙丘形态及表沙粒度特征对风况和地表植被变化的响应

以毛乌素沙地3种沙丘（新月形沙丘、抛物线形沙丘和反向沙丘）为研究对象,对其形态、表沙粒度特征和区域风况进行了量化分析,探讨了沙丘表沙物理运动过程及其形态对外界条件（风况和地表植被）变化的反馈,揭示了沙丘表沙粒度特征对不同沙丘形态的响应机制。结果表明：新月形沙丘表沙平均粒径由迎风坡底部向顶部逐渐变小,分选呈现逐渐变好趋势, 但粒径较小和分选较差的表沙样出现在沙丘迎风坡中部。随着地表植被覆盖度的增加,新月形沙丘逐渐向抛物线形沙丘转变,近地表输沙能力和沙丘上风向沙源的供应同样受到限制,致使抛物线形沙丘由迎风坡底部向顶部呈现表沙平均粒径变大,而分选逐渐变好的趋势。毛乌素沙地内季节性风况（春季盛行强劲西北风,夏季盛行较弱东南风）的变化不仅促进了反向沙丘的发育,并且重组了西北盛行风影响下的表沙粒度特征。在夏季反向风风蚀的作用下,沙丘落沙坡顶部出现反向堆积和脊线反向移动的现象,同时其顶部呈现平均粒径由小变大、分选逐渐变好的趋势。     

青海北川河流域径流变化的机理研究——基于模型和统计两种方法

气候变化和下垫面变化是影响河道径流的两大驱动力,研究两者对径流的影响有利于深入理解流域水文过程,为水资源管理提供科学依据。鉴于利用不同方法获得的结果存在一定程度的差异,有必要使用多种方法进行交叉验证。论文基于Budyko水量平衡法和新增水库模块的分布式水文模型(DHSVM)法量化了气候变化和下垫面变化对青海省北川河流域径流变化的贡献。结果表明：① 自1960年以来流域出口流量以每年0.037 m³/s的趋势下降,突变年份发生在1969年。② 2种方法的分析结果均表明,年代际尺度上,气候变化对径流影响的贡献率由高到低依次为：1990—1999年>2000—2009年>1970—1979年>1980—1989年=2010—2019年,且下垫面变化是1970—2019年流域出口径流变化的主导因素,对应的贡献率分别为94.58% (Budyko法)和65.68% (DHSVM法)。③ Budyko方法只能揭示流域整体的变化,而DHSVM方法能够体现水文过程变化的时空差异,模型结果表明上中游、下游地区的年平均径流变化分别受气候变化、下垫面变化主导;流域出口处月径流变化则对下垫面条件中的水库调节更敏感。此外,文中就2种方法量化结果差异的原因也展开了讨论。     

Characteristics and progress of land use/cover change research during 1990–2018

Journal of Geographical Sciences - Land use/cover change (LUCC) is the foundation and frontier for integrating multiple land surface processes. This paper aims to systematically review LUCC...     

PTrees: A point-based approach to forest tree extraction from lidar data

This paper introduces PTrees, a multi-scale dynamic point cloud segmentation dedicated to forest tree extraction from lidar point clouds. The method process the point data using the raw elevation values (Z) and compute height (H = Z − ground elevation) during post-processing using an innovative procedure allowing to preserve the geometry of crown points. Multiple segmentations are done at different scales. Segmentation criteria are then applied to dynamically select the best set of apices from the tree segments extracted at the various scales. The selected set of apices is then used to generate a final segmentation. PTrees has been tested in 3 different forest types, allowing to detect 82% of the trees with under 10% of false detection rate. Future development will integrate crown profile estimation during the segmentation process in order to both maximize the detection of suppressed trees and minimize false detections.     

利用 Landsat 8影像制作解译样本点辅助高分影像分类可行性的研究

地理国情普查项目使用的高分影像质量的良莠不齐给地表覆盖数据生产带来了巨大障碍。本文剖析了目前收集到的高分影像资料的主要缺陷,如多分辨率、多传感器、多年份和跨季节,给地表覆盖数据解译带来极大的局限性;阐述了Landsat 8影像自身的特点,如像幅面积大、获取周期短、波段信息丰富,同时提出利用Landsat 8影像辅助解译的思路,并通过试验验证这种方法的可行性。     

结合 DEM 的地表覆盖自相关性分析

地表覆盖的空间变化可以反映人类的生存环境,其空间数据的相关性也反映着一些重要信息。在维多利亚州中,耕地一直占着比较大的比重,本文根据landsat TM影像分类得到地表覆盖数据,发现各地表覆盖间类型间的关系,并结合DEM数据研究耕地在维多利亚州的空间分布特点。     

地理国情（市情）普查外业信息采集

地理国情监测不仅扩大了测绘行业的内涵,更重要的是,对我国总体布局和规划提供了可靠的依据。目前,在全国范围内逐步开展地理国情普查工作,我分院按照安排,以厦门市为试点,对其进行了外业的调查与核查工作。结合实地作业情况来看,可以在地理国情普查内容与指标基本不变的前提下,依据地域的不同增加分类或修改部分类别的内涵。为今后全面普查工作的顺利开展,对现有的作业方式和作业内容都应有一定的规范。     

Lake Ladoga ice phenology: Mean condition and extremes during the last 65 years

Winter conditions play an important role for the largest lake in Europe—Lake Ladoga. The ice cover lasts for 171 ± 3 days on average from the early November until the mid‐May. We investigated the ice regime of Lake Ladoga using a constructed ice database of aircraft surveys and satellite images. More than 1250 surveys of the lake's ice cover from 1943 to 2010 were collected and analysed to determine mean and extreme ice conditions for winters of different types of severity. The time series of ice cover percentage over the lake was plotted. On average, 18 observational ice charts were made every winter. Individual ice phenology records show considerable year‐to‐year variation. For this reason, records typically have been combined and analysed as groups (categories). Extremely cold winters were determined as winters with complete ice cover that lasts more than three months which is approximately 90% quartiles from all winters with complete ice cover. The lake surface was completely covered with ice for more than three months during 5 seasons. Extremely warm winters when the maximum ice cover was less than 70% of the lake area occurred during 5 seasons as well. A basic relationship between the winter severity as winter maximum of accumulated freezing degree‐days (AFDD) and the earlier derived Relative Ice Cover Index (RICI) was established. We have used teleconnection indices such as North Atlantic Oscillations (NAO) and Arctic Oscillation (AO) for the period from October to May for estimation of different types of Lake Ladoga's ice conditions. The AO index in winter months and local winter maximum of AFDD explained much of the interannual variation in ice cover. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Energy balance and evaporation loss of an irrigation reservoir equipped with a suspended cover in a semiarid climate (south‐eastern Spain)

The main objective of this study was to assess the impact of a suspended cover on the evaporation loss of an agricultural water reservoir (AWR). To this aim, a detailed data collection was carried out in a typical AWR located in south‐eastern Spain during 2 consecutive years. During the first year, the reservoir remained uncovered, while during the second year it was covered with a double black polyethylene (PE) shade cloth. On an annual scale, it was observed that the cover can provide a reduction of evaporation loss of 85%. Two approaches, energy balance and mass transfer, were used to analyse the effect of the cover on the evaporation process. Important modifications were observed on the magnitude, sign, annual trend and relative weight of the components of the energy balance. The changes were ascribed to the strong reduction of net radiation and to the substantial weight of the heat storage and sensible heat flux in the energy balance. A relevant finding was the contrast between the patterns of the annual evaporation curve for open‐water and covered conditions. The mass transfer approach allowed discriminating between the wind‐ and radiation‐shelter effects on the evaporation term. The reduction in water‐to‐air vapour deficit was the main factor explaining the high efficiency of the cover, whereas the reduction of the mass transfer coefficient was a modulating factor that accounted for the wind‐shelter effect. Overall, both approaches provided a sound basis to describe and explain the physical mechanisms underlying the high performance of the tested cover. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.