The response of the azimuthal component of the ionospheric electric field to auroral arc brightening

We have analyzed the response of azimuthal component of the ionospheric electric field to auroral arc activity. We have chosen for analysis three intervals of coordinated EISCAT and TV observations on 18 February, 1993. These intervals include three kinds of arc activity: the appearance of a new auroral arc, the gradual brightening of the existing arc and variations of the arc luminosity. The arcs were mostly east-west aligned. In all cases, the enhancement of arc luminosity is accompanied by a decrease in the westward component of the ionospheric electric field. In contrast, an increase of that component seems to be connected with arc fading. The observed response is assumed to have the same nature as the short circuit of an external electric field by the conductor. The possible consequence of this phenomenon is discussed.     

中国大陆造山带地壳密度结构特征

本文探讨中国大陆造山带地壳介质密度的变化特征和不同类型,并用大陆动力学机制解释这些特征产生的原因。根据重力场小波变换的尺度—源深度转换律,进行地面重力异常场多尺度分解,取得了反映中国地壳不同埋藏深度的小波细节,揭示了造山带地壳的密度结构。和克拉通地体不同,中国大陆的造山带下地壳密度都偏低,只有古生代块体弱碰撞形成的摺皱山脉是例外。这些造山带大都与古大洋封闭和俯冲碰撞作用有关。古大洋封闭后在地壳中留下的裂隙和海水,会造成地壳密度降低。中国大陆造山带地壳密度结构大致可以分四类。上中下地壳密度都偏低的属于第一类造山带。第二类造山带上中地壳密度偏低,而下地壳密度偏高。第三类造山带上中地壳密度偏高,而下地壳密度偏低。第四类造山带上中下地壳密度都偏高。通过板块构造原理和岩石物理规律对青藏高原造山带地壳密度结构分类的解释可见,青藏高原南部,中部和北部地壳密度结构分属三类不同的造山带,体现印度次大陆和欧亚板块碰撞不同阶段作用造成的结果。根据地壳密度变低和厚度是否加大,还可以识别板沿和板内造山带。     

Trophic modeling of the Northern Humboldt Current Ecosystem, Part II: Elucidating ecosystem dynamics from 1995 to 2004 with a focus on the impact of ENSO

The Northern Humboldt Current Ecosystem is one of the most productive in the world in terms of fish production. Its location near to the equator permits strong upwelling under relatively low winds, thus creating optimal conditions for the development of plankton communities. These communities ultimately support abundant populations of grazing fish such as the Peruvian anchoveta, Engraulis ringens. The ecosystem is also subject to strong inter-annual environmental variability associated with the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), which has major effects on nutrient structure, primary production, and higher trophic levels. Here our objective is to model the contributions of several external drivers (i.e. reconstructed phytoplankton changes, fish immigration, and fishing rate) and internal control mechanisms (i.e. predator-prey) to ecosystem dynamics over an ENSO cycle. Steady-state models and time-series data from the Instituto del Mar del Perú (IMARPE) from 1995 to 2004 provide the base data for simulations conducted with the program Ecopath with Ecosim. In simulations all three external drivers contribute to ecosystem dynamics. Changes in phytoplankton quantity and composition (i.e. contribution of diatoms and dino- and silicoflagellates), as affected by upwelling intensity, were important in dynamics of the El Niño of 1997–98 and the subsequent 3 years. The expansion and immigration of mesopelagic fish populations during El Niño was important for dynamics in following years. Fishing rate changes were the most important of the three external drivers tested, helping to explain observed dynamics throughout the modeled period, and particularly during the post-El Niño period. Internal control settings show a mix of predator–prey control settings; however a “wasp-waist” control of the ecosystem by small pelagic fish is not supported.     

EFFECTS OF ANOMALOUS HEATING ON SUMMER MONSOON OVER ASIA*

Based on a zonally non-uniform mean circulation in summer simulated by numerical modelling,perturbation heatings ever South Asia and a perturbation cooling over Northwest Australia were incorporated in a numerical model to discuss their effects on summer monsoon over Asia and the structure of flow disturbance.     

The palaeolimnology of Lake Fidler, a meromictic lake in south-west Tasmania and the significance of recent human impact

Three meromictic lakes in the World Heritage Area of south-west Tasmania possess unusual microbiological communities. Their meromixis is maintained by periodic incursions of brackish water from the nearby Gordon River which, in its lower reaches, is a salt-wedge estuary. In 1977 the construction of a dam in the middle reaches of the river restricted penetration of the salt-wedge and meromixis rapidly declined in all three lakes. A palaeolimnological study was carried out on one of the lakes, Lake Fidler, firstly to determine the history of meromixis and its associated microbiological communities, and secondly to assess whether the recent and rapid decline of meromixis is inconsistent with natural rates of development of the Gordon River meromictic lakes. One part of this study included the analysis of the stratigraphy of fossil diatoms from a 17-metre sediment core dating back 8000 yrs. Detrended Correspondence Analysis and Analog Matching were used to compare diatom species assemblages in core samples with diatom samples from a reference dataset consisting of a selection of lake and river sites in the lower Gordon River valley. Five distinct stratigraphic zones were identified in the core. These zones indicated specific stages in the development of the Gordon River lakes from river backwaters to ectogenically-maintained meromictic lakes which will, finally, become terrestrialised by encroaching rainforest. The onset of a stratified water column was identified by the emergence of a dominant freshwater algal flora which suggested that the lake had developed a mixolimnion and become meromictic ca. 2070 ± 50 ¹⁴C yrs ago. In the context of this long history of meromixis, the rapid demise in meromictic stability following construction of the dam is judged to be inconsistent with natural rates of development. The palaeolimnological studies, of which this paper is one part, prompt recommendations for a management strategy to prevent the further decay of these meromictic lakes in the World Heritage Area.     

爆破扰动下TBM隧洞时滞型岩爆特征及影响机制研究

时滞型岩爆的发生通常具有很强的随机性,会对施工安全造成巨大的威胁,而开挖扰动、爆破扰动等均会对潜在时滞型岩爆区产生不同程度的影响。依托某隧道掘进机（TBM）引水隧洞,采用理论分析和对比分析法研究了拆机洞爆破开挖期间K54+000—K54+700段发生的5次时滞型岩爆,发现：（1）强烈岩爆和中等岩爆区位于缓倾断层附近,围岩发育短小隐节理和含充填的细密节理,轻微岩爆距断层远或位于正断层附近,除含充填的细密节理外,均至少发育1条含充填物的倾向SW的陡倾结构面;（2）TBM法开挖隧洞时滞型岩爆滞后爆破时间更长,滞后工作面距离更远,且爆破对TBM隧洞的扰动作用相对较小;（3）爆破扰动使得潜在时滞型岩爆区围岩失稳变得容易,从而加速了时滞型岩爆的进程。研究成果可为TBM隧洞时滞型岩爆的预警与防控提供参考。     

GAINS中重力传感器信息的扰动改正

重力辅助惯性导航系统GAINS(Gravity Aided Inertial Navigation System)是利用地球物理特征信息重力来完成水下运动载体的辅助惯性导航与定位.为实现重力匹配以校正惯性导航随时间累积的误差,首先必须对重力传感器输出信息进行扰动改正.分析了水下运动状态下重力传感器受到的各种重力扰动,如垂直扰动加速度、水平扰动加速度以及厄特弗斯效应影响所产生的原因,研究了扰动误差模型与INS导航精度之间的关系,并通过计算,提出了可直接以INS输出数据而无需其它外部有源导航信息进行扰动分离的方法.     

太湖水体理化指标在夏季短时间尺度上的分层及其控制因素

通过连续9d(2010年7月24日至2010年8月1日)对太湖水体理化指标垂向分层的高频率观测,揭示太湖多指标垂向分层规律.观测表明:(1)太湖中各水质指标频繁出现分层现象,但不稳定;(2)分层的主要控制因素包含气温的日变化、蓝藻水华堆积与风浪扰动等;(3)气温和太阳辐射日变化影响水温分层,水温垂向变幅可达3.94℃,...     

InSAR电离层校正中的平滑处理探究

针对距离向频谱分割法（range split-spectrum,RSS）进行InSAR电离层校正中多视视数和滤波窗口尺寸两种平滑处理参数选择较为主观的问题,采用国际参考电离层（international reference ionosphere,IRI）模型,通过目视对比和统计分析来评价RSS与IRI的相似性,并综合电离层分布特点为RSS平滑参数的选取提供一种相对客观的方法。最终为两对ALOS-2 PALSAR条带数据选取32×16的多视视数和600像素尺寸的滤波窗口,取得较好的InSAR电离层校正结果,验证了以IRI模型作为参考选取RSS平滑参数在无地表形变区域和缓慢地表形变区的可行性。     

一种电离层活跃期的三频TECR周跳处理算法

针对电离层活跃期现有三频周跳处理方法难以正确探测与修复周跳和阈值设定不合理的问题,借鉴双频TECR算法,提出一种能够削弱电离层延迟影响的三频TECR算法。三频TECR组合与三频码相无几何无电离层组合均能有效削弱电离层延迟对周跳探测的影响,并能自适应地确定合理阈值。利用三频实测数据对算法进行验证的结果表明,该方法能够有效消除电离层延迟影响,实现电离层活跃期周跳的动态探测与修复。