Design and Implementation of a Distributed GIS Portal for Oil Spill and Harmful Algal Bloom Monitoring in the Marine Environment

A web-based distributed system for monitoring and forecasting of the marine environment has been developed in line with INfrastructure for SPatial InfoRmation in Europe (INSPIRE) and Global Monitoring for Environment and Security (GMES) recommendations for a European Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI). This system, called DISPRO, enables integration and distribution of multi-source data from satellites, aircraft, and in situ instruments, as well as results from numerical models. Geographic data and metadata are stored on a set of distributed computer nodes and retrieved and integrated by a web GIS client by means of Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) Web Map Server (WMS) technologies. A profile of ISO 19115 was developed for metadata handling, using eXtensible Markup Language (XML) as a platform independent encoding mechanism. DISPRO has been demonstrated in six European coastal zone and ocean regions in the spring and summer of 2005. The overall positive experiences of both service providers and end users indicate that the system should be further developed into an operational GMES service.     

东山湾泥沙运移趋势及其对海底冲淤的影响

本文根据1984和1988年东山湾水文泥沙观测资料,研究了该湾水体含沙量分布、运移趋势和泥沙来源。结果表明:泥沙含量较低,其平均值为37.1g/m~3,最高值为531.88/m~3;泥沙含量的分布趋势从漳江口向东山湾口递减;漳江口泥沙淤积严重,其平均淤积速率为13.8cm/a,而东山湾口区处于冲刷状况,东山湾泥沙主要来源于漳江流域和该湾周边区域。此外,浙闽沿岸流也携带来部分泥沙。     

Design measures to mitigate the impact of shallow groundwater on hydrologic performance of permeable pavements

Permeable pavements (PPs) are widely implemented in urban areas to mimic natural hydrologic processes through enhancing infiltration, and reducing, delaying, and retaining surface runoff. However, its performance can be affected by shallow groundwater since high soil moisture may inhibit its infiltration and exfiltration. This study built a numerical model, which was calibrated and validated based on laboratory experiment data, to evaluate the water balance and retention of PP in shallow groundwater conditions. It assessed the impacts of shallow groundwater and the hydrologic effectiveness of different PP design measures (i.e., building a PP with a smaller storage depth, implementing an underdrain at different elevations, and installing an impermeable liner) on relieving the impacts. Shallower groundwater led to larger amounts of surface runoff and underdrain flow, and a higher chance of saturating the PP reservoir. The three design measures had both benefits and drawbacks in mimicking natural hydrologic cycle and retaining the performance of PP under extreme conditions (e.g., areas of very shallow groundwater tables and/or extreme rainfalls). A PP with a smaller storage depth resulted in less underdrain flow but was prone to saturation. It is, thus, more recommended for PP with more-permeable subsoils, which can avoid frequent pavement saturation. Although a shallower PP corresponds to a smaller storage volume and shorter hydraulic retention time, it can increase the applicability of PP to shallow groundwater areas, which is beneficial to the regional hydrologic environment. Installing an underdrain generated underdrain flow, which is a burden to the downstream drainage system. However, it significantly reduced the surface runoff and the chance of saturating the PP reservoir, which, thus, is more recommended for PP with less-permeable subsoils. Comparatively, elevating the underdrain is recommended in areas of shallow groundwater because it can reduce the frequency and amount of groundwater-induced underdrain flow. In addition, a higher underdrain together with an impermeable liner can create a storage depth, increase the retention duration, enhance exfiltration and evaporation without increasing the saturation risk.     

传统民居聚落智能化管理与移动旅游自助服务系统研究

随着旅游经济的快速发展,传统民居聚落环境正遭受着来自各方面的破坏和压力,这对传统历史文化的传承和弘扬影响深远。如何有效、科学地管理和保护特色鲜明的传统民居聚落这一载体已成为迫切需要解决的问题之一。针对传统民居聚落街巷机理特点,创新性地提出了集成GIS、360°全景影像、移动测图系统(mobile mapping system,MMS)、航空摄影测量、全球导航卫星系统(global navigation satellite system,GNSS)测量和移动物联网等多技术协同的传统民居聚落基础环境数据采集方法和工艺流程,以及基于Geodatabase和Postgre SQL的传统民居聚落特色的多源空间数据存储解决方案,并开发出一套功能完备的传统民居聚落智能化管理系统与移动旅游自助服务系统。实证表明,该系统显著提高了传统民居聚落管理智能化和旅游服务信息化水平。     

西北西部夏季干湿年的水汽输送特征

利用1961—2007年NCEP/NCAR逐月再分析资料和中国地面气候资料国际交换站数据集台站降水距平百分率资料,分析了西北西部干、湿年夏季的水汽输送差异。结果表明,北疆偏湿润年,在对流层中、低层有一支源于阿拉伯海的异常水汽输送通道,它向西北方向流经波斯湾后折向东北方向流入北疆,这是热带海洋水汽输送进入北疆的最短路径。南疆—河西走廊西部偏湿润年,异常水汽通道主要是位于对流层中、低层的一支源于北方的水汽输送带,它作反气旋式运动后以偏东气流的形式流入河西走廊西部及南疆,由于该水汽输送源自北方,水汽含量小,这可能是造成该地域极度干旱的直接原因之一;另一支更弱的异常水汽通道位于对流层高层,它源自阿拉伯海,流经印度半岛后折向北,越过青藏高原后进入南疆。     

城市群震后交通快速评估研究--以珠江三角洲为例

城市群的形成和演化已有100多年的历史。从20世纪开始，西方国家兴起的城市郊区化浪潮推动了中心城市与邻近地域的逐步一体化，城市中心区与近邻区形成具有紧密经济联系的城市功能性地域，即都市区（Metropolitan Area）。二战以后，城市化速度加快，在发达国家的经济核心区沿交通走廊分布的都市区，由于相互作用强烈而频繁，进而聚合成大都市带（Megalopolis）。     

Quality of service management framework for dynamic chaining of geographic information services

Dynamic chaining of geographic information services (geo-services) is gaining popularity as a new paradigm for evolving flexible geo-information systems and for providing on-demand access to geo-information. In dynamic chaining, disparate geo-services are discovered and composed at run time to yield more elaborate functionality and create value-added geo-information. Common approaches to service chaining discover and compose disparate geo-services based on the functional capability of individual geo-services. The primary concern of common approaches is thus the emergent behavior of the resulting composite geo-service. However, as geo-services become mundane and take on a greater and more strategic role in mission critical processes, deliverable quality of service (QoS) becomes an important concern. QoS concerns operational characteristics of a service that determine its utility in an application context. To address pertinent QoS requirements, a new approach to service chaining becomes necessary. In this paper we propose a QoS-aware chaining approach in which geo-services are discovered, composed and executed considering both functional and QoS requirements. We prescribe a QoS management framework that defines fundamental principles, concepts and mechanisms which can be applied to evolve an effective distributed computing platform for QoS-aware chaining of geo-services – the so-called geo-service infrastructure. The paper also defines an extensible QoS model for services delivered by dynamic compositions of geo-services. The process of orthophoto generation is used to demonstrate the applicability of the prescribed framework to service-oriented geographic information processing.     

中国城市化进程中基础设施建设和管理的问题与对策探讨

城市基础设施是城市赖以生存和发展的基础，是既为物质生产又为人民生活提供一般条件的公共设施。城市基础设施可以推动城市化进程，同时城市化也可以影响城市基础设施的发展。在阐明城市化进程和城市基础设施关系的基础上，分析了中国城市化进程中城市基础设施建设和管理的现状，并探讨了其存在的诸多问题，认为建立多元化的投融资格局、改革政府投资的决策和管理方式、积极推进城市基础设施行业的国有企业产权转换和机制转换将是中国城市化进程中优化城市基础设施建设和管理的必要举措。     

Transportation subsidies, economic efficiency, equity, and public policy

According to many environmentalists, the U.S. transportation sector is being subsidized by federal, state, and local governments. Whether or not road users are, in fact, paying the cost of using roads is a critical issue in supporting sustainable transportation. Subsidies increase road consumption above levels that would otherwise be dictated by the market. This paper compares different estimates of transportation subsidies, noting their strengths and weaknesses. Following this discussion, the issue of transportation as a public good is covered. How economic efficiency and equity are considered depends in large part on the role of transportation in society. If transportation is deemed a public good, then alternative evaluation criteria must be applied. If not, then economic efficiency would need to be considered. Both efficiency and equity could be enhanced by a pollution tax. Such a measure would improve equity by charging users for the pollution they generate. In addition, economic efficiency could be enhanced by internalizing the environmental externalities associated with transportation. This study, compares different estimates of transportation subsidies as a prelude to discussing economic efficiency and equity issues. The study does not develop a definitive answer to the problem of transportation subsidies, but rather highlights the important public policy issues that exist within this arena.     

基于网格虚拟组织的空间数据基础设施探讨

网格(Grid)是新型高效的分布式计算和资源管理基础设施。分析了空间数据基础设施(Spatial Data In-frastructure,SDI)与网格技术的集成需求,扩展了传统SDI层次体系,提出一种新的SDI—基于网格虚拟组织的SDI(Virtual Organization SDI,VOSDI)。VOSDI突破原有SDI以明确的地区或地域分类分层组织的方式,通过VO对地理上分布的人员、资料及空间信息进行有效组织和整合,具有灵活高效的特性。对VOSDI的功能、特性进行探讨后,进一步提出VOSDI的概念模型,并指出VOSDI实施中可能存在的问题。