Investigating model performance and parameter sensitivity for runoff simulation across multiple events for a large green roof

Green roofs are a form of green infrastructure aimed at retaining or slowing the movement of precipitation as stormwater runoff to sewer systems. To determine total runoff versus retention from green roofs, researchers and practitioners alike employ hydrologic models that are calibrated to one or more observed events. However, questions still remain regarding how event size may impact parameter sensitivity, how best to constrain initial soil moisture (ISM), and whether limited observations (i.e., a single event) can be used within a calibration-validation framework. We explored these questions by applying the storm water management model to simulate a large green roof located in Syracuse, NY. We found that model performance was very high (e.g., Nash Sutcliffe efficiency index > 0.8 and Kling-Gupta efficiency index > 0.8) for many events. We initially compared model performance across two parameterizations of ISM. For some events, we found similar performance when ISM was varied versus set to zero; for others, varying ISM yielded higher performance as well as greater water balance closure. Within a calibration-validation framework, we found that calibrating to larger events tended to produce moderate to high performance for other non-calibration events. However, very small storms were notoriously difficult to simulate, regardless of calibration event size, as these events are likely fully retained on the roof. Using regional sensitivity analysis, we confirmed that only a subset of model parameters was sensitive across 16 events. Interestingly, many parameters were sensitive regardless of event size, though some parameters were more sensitive when simulating smaller events. This emphasizes that storm size likely influences parameter sensitivity. Overall, we show that while calibrating to a single event can achieve high performance, exploring simulations across multiple events can yield important insight regarding the hydrologic performance of green roofs that can be used to guide the gathering of in situ properties and observations for refining model frameworks.     

人类活动引起的营养物质输入对海湾生态环境的影响机理与调控原理

近几十年来,高强度人类活动导致海湾生态环境恶化、生态系统失衡,已严重威胁到海岸带地区经济和社会的可持续发展。营养物质输入是人类活动影响海湾生态环境的关键因素。海湾营养物质来源多样,形态转化多变,生态过程及其效应复杂,营养物质在海湾的迁移转化规律及其对海湾生态环境的影响过程与机理,是国际海洋生态环境研究的前沿。目前,国际海湾生态环境研究主要呈现出如下发展趋势:1从环境质量、生物群落结构等现象研究转向环境变化机理、生态系统结构与功能的响应机制研究;2从对海湾生态环境某个环节的研究转向对海湾生态系统的全过程、系统性研究;3从单纯研究海湾水体转向陆海相互作用的完整性研究,并从管理上提出海陆统筹的要求;4从对海湾生态环境某个时段变化的研究转向生态系统长期连续变化规律的研究。未来应重点开展的研究包括:营养物质在半封闭性海湾长期滞留聚集条件下的迁移转化规律;营养物质变化对海湾生态系统结构与功能的影响过程与机制;基于生态系统水平的海湾综合管理理论体系。     

Spatial analysis of boil water advisories issued during an extreme weather event in the Hudson River Watershed,USA

Water infrastructure in the United States is aging and vulnerable to extreme weather. In August 2011, Tropical Storm Irene hit the eastern part of New York and surrounding states, causing great damage to public drinking water systems. Several water supply districts issued boil water advisories (BWAs) to their customers as a result of the storm. This study seeks to identify the major factors that lead water supply systems to issue BWAs by assessing watershed characteristics, water supply system characteristics and treatment plant parameters of water districts in the Mohawk-Hudson River watershed in New York. Logistic regression model suggests that the probability of a BWA being issued by a water supply district is enhanced by higher precipitation during the storm, high density of septic systems, lack of recent maintenance and low population density. Interviews with water treatment plant operators suggested physical damage to water distribution systems were the main causes of boil water advisories during storms. BWAs result in additional costs to residents and communities, and the public compliance of the advisory instructions is low, so efforts must be made to minimize their occurrence. Prior investments in infrastructure management can proactively address municipal water supply and quality issues.     

基于互联网公交调度管理系统的设计与实现

随着国民经济的发展和城市化进程的推进,城市交通问题日益凸显。在当今数字城市和智慧城市建设的浪潮下,通过互联网和现代IT技术实现城市公交系统的高效管理,提高公共交通的运营效率和社会服务水平,符合现代化大城市发展的必然要求。从设计与实现角度,本文对基于互联网的公交调度管理系统的组成与功能进行了详细介绍。     

城市景观建设与管理探讨

我国快速城市化进程中普遍存在城市景观特色丧失、千城一面等城市建设规划与管理症结.随着经济发展,城市风貌与景观特色已广受关注.针对城市景观乱象,在总结国内外城市景观研究与应用的基础上,提出了开展城市景观调查、加强城市生态基础设施保护、重视乡土植物景观保护与利用以及加强环境经济与公共政策研究等思路,探讨了构建符合生态环境保护与可持续发展时代精神、结合城市自然环境特征、切合社会经济发展与居民文化生活状况的城市景观评价与控制体系,指出通过坚持城市景观特色的继承与发展进行有效地城市景观规划建设与管理的途径与方法.     

基于城乡一体化发展的关中地区基础设施建设评价

在深入分析城乡一体化发展对基础设施建设要求的基础上,基于城乡公共服务均等化目标,从城乡空间、经济、社会文化和生态环境一体化设施4个方面构建了基础设施建设评价指标体系,并以关中地区为例,采用熵值法对其进行评价。结果表明:(1)从整体上看,关中5个地市基础设施建设差异较大,基础设施建设差异与地市经济发展水平差异状况基本吻合,区域经济发展水平、政策和农业发展条件是影响城乡基础设施公共服务均等化的关键因素。(2)关中5个地市基础设施建设存在3种类型:宝鸡市——城市过度建设型,咸阳市——城乡均衡建设型,西安市、渭南市、铜川市——乡村过度建设型。     

西气东输管线中卫段岩土工程问题分析

西气东输工程为国家十五重点工程,管线所经中卫县地处腾格里沙摸南缘、卫宁灌区及部分山地,地质条件复杂、生态环境脆弱,根据线路岩土工程勘察结果,对该段线路岩土工程地质问题进行了详细分析,并依据有关规范对其进行了评价。     

西气东输管道沿线主要工程地质问题

西气东输管道工程线路之长、沿线各种地形地貌类型之多、工程地质条件之复杂均属举世罕见,笔者从区域构造、地震活动环境、地震地质环境及断裂活动性等方面对管道沿线区域稳定性进行了分析评价,对沿线分布的内陆盐渍土、湿陷性黄土、膨胀土及软土对管道施工和运营期间可能出现的工程地质问题进行了阐述.     

The spatio-temporal development of Copenhagen’s bicycle infrastructure 1912–2013

Cycling plays an important role in low-carbon transitions. Around the globe, cities are constructing bicycle infrastructure. The city of Copenhagen has a bicycle-friendly infrastructure celebrated for its fine-meshed network. This study documents the spatio-temporal development of Copenhagen’s bicycle infrastructure and explores how the development corresponds to other processes of urban transformation. The study builds on historical maps of bicycle infrastructure that are digitised into geographical information, which allows for a comprehensive analysis of the formation of the network. In search for identifying drivers, the study analyses the city’s spatial growth pattern, migration pattern, development of road network and changes in the transport culture. Analyses reveal that the bicycle infrastructure expanded at a relatively constant pace during distinct periods of urban transformation, including periods when the city suffered from spatial, economic and demographic decline, and dominance of car traffic. By discussing reasons and demands for constructing bicycle infrastructure, the study identifies four distinct periods in which bicycle infrastructure was constructed to enhance comfort and safety (first cycling city); the flow for cars (car city); urban liveability for soft transport (liveable city); and, finally, to improve the flow for cyclists as part a strategic re-design of urban space (liveable cycling city).