Distribution of diatoms among intermittent ponds on the Atlantic Coastal Plain: development of a model to preduct drought periodicity from surface-sediment assemblages

Inferences of past climate from the fossil record in lakes rely on the accurate quantification of a relationship of fossilizing organisms to their environment. Whereas the relationship of diatoms to water chemistry parameters has been modeled in many systems, few studies adequately address the relationship of diatoms to physical properties, such as water depth or hydrology, that may be more directly tied to climate. We examined the composition of modern diatoms in surface sediments of 75 isolated ponds (mostly Carolina bays) of the Atlantic Coastal Plain to: (1) assess the influence of physical and chemical variables on the distribution of diatoms among ponds of the region, and (2) develop a model that predicts hydroperiod (a measure of pond permanence) from diatom assemblages. We constructed two hydroperiod calibration models: the first infers hydroperiod from the weighted-average optima and tolerances of taxa along the hydroperiod gradient, the second bases inferences on the hydroperiod estimates of compositionally similar samples. Both approaches incorporate a-priori and post-hoc tests of assumptions often inherent in the construction of transfer functions. Diatom assemblage composition had strong, approximately linear relationships to hydroperiod, water depth, and calcium concentration in non-metric multidimensional ordination space; effects of other variables, including pH, were non-linear or ambiguous. Overall, the assemblages reflected the dilute, acidic chemical characteristics of bays. The assemblages contained differing abundances of euterrestrial, benthic and planktonic taxa, depending on a pond's susceptibility to drying. A weighted-averaging regression model based on taxon-specific hydroperiod optima generated adequate, unbiased hydroperiod inferences from diatom species composition (r² = 0.81). This model may be used to infer past drought episodes from fossil diatom assemblages at appropriate sites on the Atlantic Coastal Plain.     

应用于矿产勘查的地下纳米物质

应用于矿产勘查的地下纳米物质刘应汉任天祥汪明启（地质矿产部物化探所，河北廊坊０６５０００））关键词纳米物质地球化学测量矿产勘查收稿日期：１９９６－１２－２４修改稿：１９９７－３－１７第一作者简介：刘应汉男１９６５年生工程师勘查地球化学诞生于９０年代的...     

CHAOTIC OUTPUT OF SST FLUCTUATION STOCHASTIC MODEL WITH GIVEN PARAMETERS

Starting from the Saltzman's air-sea stochastic climatic model, we have derived a langevin-type equation describing SST fluctuation and the related pokker-Plank expression, which were then numerically solved with parameters given, yielding the probability density curve P(x, t) of multiple bifurcations, with the Cantor set of images given in phase space of P(x, t) and P(x, t+τ), thereby indicating that chaotic output comes from the random system under the conditions of the above parameters.     

较大地震破裂尺度的一种简单估算

通过对各向同性均匀介质中两个点源的波形传播的几何性质的分析，提出对较大地震的破裂尺度的估计，可以采用多个子事件的模拟，根据接收台站得到的子事件的视时间差的分布特征，判断震源的实际破裂方向和破裂尺度，甚至仅仅根据宽频带Ｐ波（组）的波形宽度就可进行近似的估算。     

基于地质记录用时域组合模型预测气候变化趋势的初步研究

用时域分析组合模型建立了１００万年来６０°Ｎ６月份太阳辐射量时间序列、宝鸡黄土粒度时间序列、渭南夏季风指数时间序列的动态模型．研究结果表明，时域分析组合模型较好地提取了时间序列的信息，得到的几个显著周期Ｔ＝１３３，１００，８９，４１，２３，１９ｋａ，与地球轨道三要素的变化周期接近．用组合模型拟合实测数据，精度是高的；用其预测未来气候替代性指标时间序列的变化情况，发现未来气候有向干冷方向发展的趋势．时域分析组合模型为研究气候变化趋势提供了一种定量分析、预测的方法．     

Sedimentology of the Krakatau 1883 submarine pyroclastic deposits

The majority of tephra generated during the paroxysmal 1883 eruption of Krakatau volcano, Indonesia, was deposited in the sea within a 15-km radius of the caldera. Two syneruptive pyroclastic facies have been recovered in SCUBA cores which sampled the 1883 subaqueous pyroclastic deposit. The most commonly recovered facies is a massive textured, poorly sorted mixture of pumice and lithic lapilli-to-block-sized fragments set in a silty to sandy ash matrix. This facies is indistinguishable from the 1883 subaerial pyroclastic flow deposits preserved on the Krakatau islands on the basis of grain size and component abundances. A less common facies consists of well-sorted, planarlaminated to low-angle cross-bedded, vitric-enriched silty ash. Entrance of subaerial pyroclastic flows into the sea resulted in subaqueous deposition of the massive facies primarily by deceleration and sinking of highly concentrated, deflated components of pyroclastic flows as they traveled over water. The basal component of the deposit suggests no mixing with seawater as inferred from retention of the fine ash fraction, high temperature of emplacement, and lack of traction structures, and no significant hydraulic sorting of components. The laminated facies was most likely deposited from low-concentration pyroclastic density currents generated by shear along the boundary between the submarine pyroclastic flows and seawater. The Krakatau deposits are the first well-documented example of true submarine pyroclastic flow deposition from a modern eruption, and thus constitute an important analog for the interpretation of ancient sequences where subaqueous deposition has been inferred based on the facies characteristics of encapsulating sedimentary sequences.     

变差函数的参数模拟

本文给出利用线性方程组非负解理论，进行地质统计学变差函数理论模型参数最优拟合，并给出了计算实例，从而为实现地质统计学计算过程的自动化提供了重要方法。     

河流泥沙粒径计法分析成果改正方法的实验研究

根据国家行业标准《河流泥沙颗粒分析规程》规定”粒径计分析成果，受群体沉降和扩散影响，应根据标样实验分析确定的方法进行校正“的要求，采集全国性河流１６个测站的悬沙样品，对粒径为０．０６２－０．５ｍｍ分析范围的粒径计法，以单颗沉降分析法为标准进行对比实验，据以确定粒径计法分析成果的改正方法，能充分满足颗分规程的质量检验要求。     

基于点集拓扑学的三维拓扑空间关系形式化描述

本文阐明了研究空间关系理论的必要性，分析了拓扑空间关系描述方法的研究进展及存在问题，以点集拓扑理论为基础，运用维数扩展的方法，提出三维拓扑空间关系完善和形式化的描述框架，在此基础上，对三维空间目标中存在着的拓扑空间关系进行了分类，定义了五种基本的拓扑空间关系，并且给出了三维拓扑空间关系最小集的互斥性与完备性证明。     

数字摄影测量系统生成的DEM数据精度的确定

论述一个由数字化画幅式像片（或数字影像）用数字摄影测量系统生成的DEM数据精度的确定方法。该方法的特点是只使用数字摄影测量系统的观测,避免了其它测量系统（如解析测图仪）的影响。通过在数字视频测图仪（DVP）上所作的大量实验证明本文中设计的方法是普遍实用的。实验结果表明,影响DEM数据的精度的主要因素是像元大小。