Temperature changes on the Tibetan Plateau during the past 600 years inferred from ice cores and tree rings

The climatological signal of δ¹⁸O variations preserved in ice cores recovered from Puruogangri ice field in the central Tibetan Plateau (TP) was calibrated with regional meteorological data for the past 50 years. For the period AD 1860–2000, 5-yearly averaged ice core δ¹⁸O and a summer temperature reconstruction derived from pollen data from the same ice core were compared. The statistical results provide compelling evidence that Puruogangri ice core δ¹⁸O variations represent summer temperature changes for the central TP, and hence regional temperature history during the past 600 years was revealed. A comparison of Puruogangri ice core δ¹⁸О with several other temperature reconstructions shows that broad-scale climate anomalies since the Little Ice Age occurred synchronously across the eastern and southern TP, and the Himalayas. Common cold periods were identified in the 15th century, 1625–1645 AD, 1660–1700 AD, 1725–1775 AD, 1795–1830 AD, 1850–1870 AD, 1890–1920 AD, 1940–1950 AD, and 1975–1985 AD. The period 1725–1775 AD was one of the most prolonged cool periods during the past 400 years and corresponded to maximum Little Ice Age glacier advance of monsoonal temperate glaciers of the TP.     

0.8MaB.P.以来西藏雅鲁藏布江中游地区沙地演化和气候变化

根据地表沉积相特征及其对气候变化的反映,着重讨论了西藏雅鲁藏布江中游沙地形成时代、演化过程和气候变化。沙地早在中更新世中期的０．８ＭａＢ．Ｐ．就已出现,经历了强烈发展、缓慢发展槿相对稳定和缩小与固定的多次迭覆更替,并呈不断扩大趋势。与此同时,气候也经历了冷干和暖湿的多次变化,并表现出不断向干冷化方向发展的趋势。     

Effect of a thermokarst lake on soil physical properties and infiltration processes in the permafrost region of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,China

Changes in the hydrological processes in alpine soil constitute one of the several key problems encountered with studying watershed hydrology and ecosystem stability against the background of global warming. A typically developing thermokarst lake was chosen as a subject for a study using model simulation based on observations of soil physical properties, infiltration processes, and soil moisture. The results showed that the selected thermokarst lake imposed certain changes on the soil infiltration processes and, with the degree of impact intensifying, the initial infiltration rate decreased. The greatest reduction was achieved in the area of moderate impact. However, the stable infiltration rate and cumulative infiltration gradually increased in the surface layer at a depth of 10 and 20 cm, both decreasing initially and then increasing, which is correlated significantly with soil textures. Moreover, the cumulative infiltration changed in line with steady infiltration rate. Based on a comparative analysis, the Horton model helps better understand the effect on the soil infiltration processes of the cold alpine meadow close to the chosen thermokarst lake. In conclusion, the formation of the thermokarst lake reduced the water holding capacity of the alpine meadow soil and caused the hydraulic conductivity to increase, resulting in the reduction of runoff capacity in the area of the thermokarst lake.     

ON THE LAYER-ZONE OF ALPINE MEADOW ON THEQINGHAI-TIBETAN PLATEAU

RuleofzonalityisoneofthedassicaltheonesinGeOgraphy.Thedifferentiationofzonalityfromaz0nalityindicatesthedevel0pmentofpeople'Scoguhveabilitiestonaturallaw.Longitudinal,latitudinalandaltitudinalzonalitiesbelongt0idealconcePts,however,theywerefavorablet0theformationoftheconcePtofthIeedimensi0nalzonality.UPt0n0wtherehavebeenmanydifferentideasonzonality.ForexamPle,inanarr0wsense,zonality0ulyreferst0thelatitudinalzonality,namely,thequatityofheatorairtemPeraturegraduallyChangs,whichresultsinthezo…     

青藏高原高寒草地净初级生产力(NPP)时空分异

基于1982-2009 年间的遥感数据和野外台站生态实测数据,利用遥感生产力模型(CASA模型) 估算青藏高原高寒草地植被净初级生产力(NPP),分别从地带属性(自然地带、海拔高程、经纬度)、流域、行政区域(县级) 等方面对其时空变化过程进行分析,阐述了1982 年以来青藏高原高寒草地植被NPP的时空格局与变化特征。结果表明:① 青藏高原高寒草地NPP多年均值的空间分布表现为由东南向西北逐渐递减;1982-2009 年间,青藏高原高寒草地的年均总NPP为177.2×10¹² gC·yr^-1,单位面积年均植被NPP为120.8 gC·m^-2yr^-1;② 研究时段内,青藏高原高寒草地年均NPP 在112.6~129.9 gC·m^-2yr^-1 间,呈波动上升的趋势,增幅为13.3%;NPP 增加的草地占草地总面积的32.56%、减少的占5.55%;③ 青藏高原多数自然地带内的NPP呈增加趋势,仅阿里山地半荒漠、荒漠地带NPP呈轻微减低趋势,其中高寒灌丛草甸地带和草原地带的NPP增长幅度明显大于高寒荒漠地带;年均NPP增加面积比随着海拔升高呈现"升高—稳定—降低"的特点,而降低面积比则呈现"降低—稳定—升高"的特征;④ 各主要流域草地年均植被NPP均呈现增长趋势,其中黄河流域增长趋势显著且增幅最大。植被NPP和盖度及生长季时空变化显示,青藏高原高寒草地生态系统健康状况总体改善局部恶化。     

青藏高原东北部降尘通量及粒度特征分析

青藏高原东北缘是柴达木沙尘暴东移的必经之道和沉降区,对青藏高原东北部降尘时空分异特征进行分析,有助于认识青藏高原区域粉尘输送的现代过程和机制。2013年12月至2015年5月分别在青海湖小泊湖(XBH)、西宁多巴(DB)、西宁青海师大科技楼顶(KJLD)设置降尘缸,进行湿法收集。对其降尘通量和粒度特征进行了时空分异特征分析,结果显示,1)西宁地区2014年降尘通量为442~542 g/m~2·a,青海湖XBH采集点指示的2014年降尘通量为415 g/m~2·a,降尘通量年际变化较大,各站点降尘通量季节变化趋势一致,降尘主要集中在冬春季,夏季降尘通量最低;2)各站点降尘粒度组成特征非常相似,以粉砂为主(4~63μm),西宁地区尘暴与非尘暴降尘粒度频率曲线呈近似正态分布,尘暴期间降尘粒径较非尘暴时段大;3)XBH、DB和KJLD 3点所有样品平均粒径分别为37μm、34μm和31μm,中值粒径分别为31μm、27μm和26μm;对比低海拔兰州尘暴粒径特征,发现降尘粒径存在一定的海拔依赖性,即粒度随海拔增高逐渐变粗。     

用遗传算法反演地壳的变密度模型

用青藏高原布格重力异常资料,结合亚东格尔木地学断面得到的Moho面结构,反演了青藏高原中部地壳内密度随深度变化的指数分布函数,试验得出地壳表层与地幔的密度差约为-0.926 g·cm^-3,地壳的平均密度值为2.750 g·cm^-3。     

Mapping degraded grassland on the Eastern Tibetan Plateau with multi-temporal Landsat 8 data — where do the severely degraded areas occur?

The Tibetan Plateau in Western China is the world’s largest alpine landscape, sheltering a rich diversity of native flora and fauna. In the past few decades, the Tibetan Plateau was found to suffer from grassland degradation processes. Grassland degradation is assumed to not only endanger biodiversity but also to increase the risk for natural hazards in other parts of the country which are ecologically and hydrologically connected to the area. However, the mechanisms behind the degradation processes remain poorly understood due to scarce baseline data and insufficient scientific research.We argue that remote sensing data can help to better understand degradation processes and patterns by: (1) identifying the distribution of severely degraded areas and (2) comparing the patterns of key spatial attributes of the identified areas (altitude above sea level, aspect, slope, administrative districts) with existing theories on degradation drivers. Therefore, we applied four Landsat 8 images covering large portions of the three counties Jigzhi, Baima and Darlag in the Eastern Tibetan Plateau. The dates of the Landsat scenes were selected to cover differing phenological stages of the ecosystem. Reference data were collected with a remotely piloted aircraft and a standard consumer RGB camera. To exploit the phenological information in the Landsat data as well as deal with the problem of cloud cover in multiple images, we developed a straightforward PCA-based procedure to merge the Landsat scenes. The merged Landsat data served as input to a supervised support vector machine classification which was validated with an iterative bootstrap procedure and an additional independent validation set. The considered classes were “high-cover grassland”, “grassland (including several stages of grassland vitality)”, “(severely) degraded grassland”, “green shrubland”, “grey shrubland”, “urban areas” and “water bodies”. Kappa accuracies ranged between 0.84 and 0.93 in the iterative procedure, while the independent validation led to a kappa accuracy of 0.76. Mean producer’s and user’s accuracies for all classes were higher than 80%, and confusion mainly occurred between the two shrubland classes and between the three grassland classes.Analysis of the slope, aspect and altitude values of the vegetation classes revealed that the degraded areas mostly occurred at the higher altitudes of the study area (4300–4600 m), with no strong connection to any specific slope or aspect. High-cover grassland was mostly located on sunny slopes at lower altitudes (less than 4300 m), while shrubland preferred shady, relatively steep slopes across all altitudes. These observations proved to be stable across the examined counties, while the proportions of land-cover classes differed between the examined regions. Most counties showed 5–7% severely degraded land cover. Darlag, the county located at the edge of the permafrost zone, and featuring the highest average altitude and lowest annual temperature and precipitation, was found to suffer from larger areas of severe degradation (14%).Therefore, our findings support a strong connection between degradation patterns and climatic as well as altitudinal gradients, with an increased degradation risk for high altitude areas and areas in colder and drier climatic zones. This is relevant information for pastoral management to avoid further degradation of high altitude pastures.     

云贵高原地区生态系统服务价值时空变化特征北大核心CSCD

针对云贵高原地区在开展生态恢复工程后的生态系统服务价值(ESVs)如何变化问题,本文基于当量因子和空间自相关分析等方法,研究了云贵高原地区ESVs的时空变化特征。结果表明:(1)土地利用类型转移主要是农田转为建设用地与水体。(2)在开展生态恢复工程后,生态系统得到了改善,ESVs在38年间呈先减少后增加的趋势,累计增加94.91亿元,森林的生态调节能力及产生的价值总量在2180亿元以上,最少的为荒漠,约为0.1亿元。(3)ESVs的空间分布格局表现为西南地区较高、中部较低。(4)1980—2018年ESVs表现为显著空间正相关,莫兰指数大于0.46,有明显的聚集特征。     

青藏高原东部地壳物质流变模型及汶川地震机理探讨

利用GPS、大地电磁、P波层析成像等数据分析了青藏高原东部地壳运动情况和中下地壳物质流的分布及运动情况,提出了青藏高原东部地壳物质流变模型,认为在青藏高原东部存在两条巨大的、具有固定通道和边界的弱物质流,其他区域则有离散的、不均匀的弱物质流分布。巴颜喀拉块体内部的弱物质流在向东流至龙门山断裂带时,大部分弱物质沿断裂带向南北方向分流,小部分弱物质在断裂带附近沉积、上涌,造成通道堵塞,最终引发了汶川地震。