面向对象的配电GIS系统空间数据模型与组织

GIS在配网自动化系统中的应用越来越深入和广泛,随着配电网络各种设备的复杂性提高,传统的分析设计方式已很难满足现有配电网络的飞速发展。面向对象的分析与设计方法作为一种先进的系统设计方法,能很好地应用于规模较大、层次较复杂的配电网络设备管理。首先简要介绍配电网络的特点和面向对象的分析方法,然后结合面向对象的分析与设计方法对配电网络的对象模型和数据组织进行了详细阐述和分析,最后以一个应用系统作为实例结束本文。     

青岛市数字遥测地震台网的监测能力

介绍青岛市数字遥测地震台网概况、动态范围以及对崂山震群的监测,说明台网的监测能力达到或超过设计目标。     

Rheological structure of the mantle of a super-Earth: Some insights from mineral physics

The rheological properties of the mantle of super-Earths have important influences on their orbital and thermal evolution. Mineral physics observations are reviewed to obtain some insights into the rheological properties of deep mantles of these planets where pressure can be as high as ∼1 TPa. It is shown that, in contrast to a conventional view that the viscosity of a solid increases with pressure (at a fixed temperature), viscosity will decrease with pressure (and depth) when pressure exceeds ∼0.1 TPa. The causes for pressure-weakening include: (i) the transition in diffusion mechanisms from vacancy to interstitial mechanism (at ∼0.1 TPa), (ii) the phase transition in MgO from B1 to B2 structure (at ∼0.5 TPa), (iii) the dissociation of MgSiO₃ into MgO and SiO₂ (at ∼1 TPa), and (iv) the transition to the metallic state (at ∼1 TPa). Some (or all) of them individually or in combination reduce the effective viscosity of constituent materials in the deep interior of super-Earths. Taken together, super-Earths are likely to have low viscosity deep mantle by at least 2-3 orders of magnitude less than the maximum viscosity in the lower mantle of Earth. Because viscosity likely decreases with pressure above ∼0.1 TPa (in addition to higher temperatures for larger planets), deep mantle viscosity of super-Earths will decrease with increasing planetary mass. The inferred low viscosity of the deep mantle results in high tidal dissipation and resultant rapid orbital evolution, and affects thermal history and hence generation of the magnetic field and the style of mantle convection.     

Planetary core size: A seismological approach

A key parameter for understanding the geodynamics of a terrestrial planet is the size of its core. Numerical evaluation of 28 different interior structure models of Mercury, Venus, Earth, the Moon, and Mars suggests that there is an almost linear relationship between the core radius and the extent of the seismic P-wave core shadow. A scaling law is derived from a simple mantle density and velocity model that permits the interpretation of respective seismic measurements on terrestrial planetary bodies.     

Core-collapse supernovae and the Younger Dryas/terminal Rancholabrean extinctions

Early predictions that some supernovae release large quantities of prompt high energy photons are now corroborated by optical identification of core-collapse supernovae associated with extragalactic GRBS (beamed γ-ray bursts) and XRFS (beamed or un-beamed X-ray flashes). Given the in-galaxy supernova frequency and GRB and XRF recurrence statistics, significant Earth-incident events during the past several million years very likely occurred and nearby events should have affected the Earth and other planetary atmospheres, including terrestrial surface solar UV, the Earth’s climate, and its ecology. The Younger Dryas Stadial (∼12,900 to 11,550 calendar yr BP) began with sharply cooler temperatures in the Earth’s northern hemisphere, regional drought, paleoecological evidence compatible with increased UV, and abrupt increases in cosmogenic ¹⁴C and ¹⁰Be in ice and marine cores and tree rings. In North America, stratigraphic and faunal sequences indicate that a major pulse of mammalian extinctions (at least 23-31 genera) began very close to 12,830 calendar yr BP and was sudden: deposits one century younger are devoid of diverse extinct fauna remains. A 10 s beamed GRB within 2 kpc of the Earth delivers 100 kJ m⁻² fluence to the Earth’s atmosphere, where it causes spallation and catalytic reactions depleting 35-50% O³, and producing excess NO_x species (which favor cooling, drought, and surface fertility), ¹⁴C, and ¹⁰Be. An un-beamed, 10⁵⁰ erg hard photon impulse at ∼250 pc produces similar terrestrial atmospheric effects. A well-characterized massive star supernova, the unusually close Vela event (d = 250 ± 30 pc; total energy of 1-2 × 10⁵¹ erg; age constrained from remnant nebula shock velocities considerations at 13,000-16,000 yr and from the pulsar characteristic age at ∼11,400 yr) may have initiated the Younger Dryas climate change, and caused the extinction of the terminal Rancholabrean fauna.     

基于现代信息技术的汉唐时期新疆境内丝绸之路信息发布系统的研究与实现

以西汉、东汉、唐朝三个历史时期为研究时间域,以新疆境内的古丝绸之路为研究空间域;根据搜集的相关历史文献资料并对其进行分析,将得到的西域三十六国域址、人口、军事等信息存入MySQL数据库中;结合地理信息系统（GIS）及遥感（RS）技术,将传统的纸质地图转变成电子地图并发布相应的本地地图服务;最后,利用PHP及Flex网络技术,将前期制作的电子地图发布到Internet上,供公众浏览、查询、学习交流等之用。本研究将传统的考古学与现代信息技术进行结合,实现了两者的完美融合,弥补了传统考古学过于专注学术研究而忽略应用的缺陷,为公众免费提供服务的同时,也为丝绸之路的进一步研究提供参考资料,同时为丝绸之路的申遗工作奠定基础。     

利用重力卫星GRACE监测亚马逊流域2002-2010年的陆地水变化

本文利用GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) 卫星重力资料研究了亚马逊流域2002-2010年的陆地水变化,并与水文模式和降雨资料进行了比较分析.在年际尺度上,GRACE结果表明:2002-2003年和2005年,亚马逊流域发生明显的干旱现象;2007年至2009年,陆地水呈逐年增加的趋势,并在2009年6月变化值达到最大,为772±181 km³;自2009年6月至2010年12月,陆地水总量又急剧减少了1139±262 km³,这相当于全球海平面上升3.2±0.7 mm所需的水量.水文模式得到的亚马逊流域陆地水在2010年也表现出明显的减少.降雨资料与GRACE观测资料有很好的一致性.在2005年和2010年的干旱期,亚马逊流域的降雨显著减少,说明降雨是亚马逊流域陆地水变化的重要因素.此外,本文采用的尺度因子的方法有效地降低了GRACE后处理误差的影响.     

基于粗糙集的BP神经网络在震例中的应用研究

采用《中国震例》作为数据源,通过初步整理分析和预处理,构建了较完备的震例研究样本集。尝试将粗糙集与BP神经网络相结合的方法引入到震例研究中,用基于粗糙集的属性约简算法从众多复杂的地震异常指标中筛选出对最终分类起决定作用的核心异常作为输入,震级作为输出,构建了泛化能力强的BP神经网络模型来模拟异常与地震之间的不确定关系。仿真测试结果表明:地震震级预测精度误差基本控制在-0.5～0.5级之间。     

玉树地震前的地下流体观测井温度数据超差异常及其与地震关系研究

本文收集整理了距2010年4月14日玉树7.1级地震震中700km范围内的全部13个地下流体观测井孔的温度观测资料,统计分析了2008年5月以来各井温度当月超过3倍均方差的数据个数(以下简称月超差个数).结果发现,在玉树地震前6个月,13个观测井中有10个井观测数据出现月超差个数升高现象,有4个观测井月超差个数出现了同震升高和震后升高现象.2008、2009年大柴旦发生的2次6级以上地震前,也有类似现象.此异常现象可能反映了玉树地震前场兆和源兆的共同作用过程.     

大庆地震台网近震震级偏差分析与校正

选取大庆地震台网2002-2009年近震报告资料,以《黑龙江省地震目录》给出的震级为标准,进行震级偏差统计.按地区分段校正后,震级精度明显提高.