黑龙江省地震台网设备与设施管理软件

黑龙江省区域地震台网设备、设施、信道等固定资产繁杂,管理困难。利用Java语言,基于Microsoft SQL Server 2008数据库,编制黑龙江省地震台网设备与设施管理软件。实现对固定资产信息完整、准确、连续的管理,可节约人力、物力、财力,提高了台网管理水平和工作效率,对其他区域地震台网固定资产管理具有借鉴意义。     

汶川地震同震电离层扰动研究

利用中国大陆陆态观测网(CMONOC)的下关、 昆明和庐州GPS台站, 对汶川地震引起的同震电离层扰动(CID)进行研究。 通过对GPS原始观测数据进行处理证实汶川地震存在5个明显的同震电离层扰动(CID)现象。 根据GPS TEC时间序列和走时, 得到在电离层高度CID的水平传播速度为1.1 km/s, 属于震中区地表抬升引起的声波在电离层中传播速度; 同时, 也得到次一级CID传播速度接近0.7 km/s, 认为可能是重力波。 在此基础上, 利用射线追踪模型寻找震中位置发现, 当CID水平传播速度为1000 m/s时, 发震时刻对应的标准偏差能达到最小值19.55 s, 相应的CID起源位置是30.8°N, 103.15°E, 距离实际震中西南方向33.6 km。     

THE DEFORMATION OF THE 2008 ZHONGBA EARTHQUAKES AND THE TECTONIC MOVEMENT REVEALED

On August 25, 2008, an M_W6.7 earthquake struck Zhongba County, central Lhasa block. Subsequently, an aftershock of M_W6.0 occurred on September 25. The rupture caused by this earthquake is rather complicated. There are some differences in focal positions and fault parameters given by different institutions. In addition, a deeper understanding of the tectonic significance of this earthquake is also needed. Firstly, we use interferometric synthetic aperture radar data collected by the environmental satellite(ENVISAT)of European Space Agency and the advanced land observing satellite(ALOS)of Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency to obtain eight coseismic deformation fields covering the whole epicenter region based on InSAR technology. Because the terrain in the earthquake area fluctuates greatly and there are many objects with low coherence(eg. lake), we choose 30-resolution SRTM DEM data as reference DEM, the more robust Goldstein as filtering method, and Delaunay Minimum Cost Flow as phase unwrapping method. The interferograms show that the surface deformation caused by this earthquake is about 50km long and is divided into two lobes, north and south. The shape of the deformation in the north is similar to that of Palung Co Lake, and the maximum signal is hidden by the lake. The deformation in the south has two centers, located at two ridges respectively. The aftershock also caused two minor deformations at the east and north of Palung Co Lake. Secondly, we use uniform sampling method to downsample 8 interferograms, and set the sampling interval of near-field data to be much smaller than that of far-field region, to ensure the observation data characteristic and sampling density of the main deformation region. In order to better invert the rupture slip distribution of the main shock, we subtract the influence of aftershock deformation. Finally, 6 data sets for the main shock deformation are obtained. Smoothness of sliding distribution is applied to restrict the sliding amount of adjacent fault slices. The best-fit solution shows that at least two ruptures in the south and north are caused by the earthquake, mainly of normal dip-slip and partial sinistral strike-slip by Okada uniform elastic half-space dislocation model and SDM method. The northern rupture is related to the Palung Co Fault with NE strike, with the maximum deformation of -13.0cm and the maximum slip of 0.52m in the depth of~12km, and the southern rupture deformation is obviously strongly related to topography, with the maximum deformation of -38.7cm and the maximum slip of 1.15m in the depth of~14km. The maximum slip is located at(30.81°N, 83.45°E), between the positions determined by GCMT and NEIC. The results also show that normal fault earthquakes may play an important role in the uplift of Tibet Plateau. Thirdly, we use 15 images obtained between 2008 and 2010 from ENVISAT to obtain the post-earthquake time series deformation to further understand the tectonic background of the earthquake using SBAS-InSAR technology. 54 pairs of good interferences are screened out for processing, of which 30 pairs were unwrapped by Delaunay MCF method. The velocity accuracy threshold is set to 2mm/a to ensure reliable estimation of deformation velocity value. After two step SBAS inversions, the time series of deformation after the earthquake is obtained, thereby revealing that the post-earthquake deformation is not obvious on both sides of the fault but in the denudation and deposition area. This shows that no obvious common phenomena such as afterslip or creep are found after the earthquake. From the three cumulative deformation profiles, it can be seen that the regional deformation is mainly denudation and subsidence related to topography and geomorphology, and the deformations of adjacent subsidence and uplift regions are basically the same. The result shows that the graben structure in Lhasa block is mainly vertical deformation caused by terrain difference. In order to explain this result, we processed GPS data from 1991 to 2015 and obtained the principal strain rate in the western region of Lhasa block. The result shows that the east-west extension in Lhasa block is obvious but uneven. The strain is mainly stretching or squeezing perpendicular to deep and large faults, and the strain decreases near the grabens. The tensile strain near the Palung Co fault graben is~2.4×10⁸/a. This also shows that estimates of the tectonic activity based on geomorphology may be underestimated on some normal faults that have not been mapped or have no clear large-scale surface expression in the Tibet Plateau. This study combines multi-orbit InSAR data to constrain the focal mechanism solution of the Zhongba earthquake, proving that abundant interferometric results can complement each other, which is helpful to analyze the deformation distribution caused by the earthquake more clearly and completely, especially in the absence of surface rupture.     

基于EGM2008模型的GPS高程转换法

GPS求得的高程是地面点在WGS84坐标系中的大地高,而我国采用正常高系统的高程,是通过该点的大地高减去该点的高程异常获得。高程异常的获取,惯用的做法是曲面拟合法,这种方法在水准点稀少的测区（特别是山区）实施起来比较困难。EGM2008模型是迄今为止分辨率最高、精度最好、阶次最多的全球重力场模型。首先利用EGM20081′×1′的大地水准面模型计算各点的高程异常,再通过联测一个一等水准点,获取EGM2008模型所表示的全球似大地水准面与我国高程基准面之间的差异,即可将GPS大地高转换为1985国家高程基准的正常高。兴城测区实例表明,EGM2008模型高程转换法在山区仅用一个水准点即可实现GPS大地高到正常高的转换,且高效率、高精度。     

基于EPS2008环境的地理空间数据库搭建方法与应用

结合实际工作,以EPS2008地理信息工作站为平台,详细介绍了数据库环境搭建方法、地理信息数据实时更新机制关键作业流程以及成果输出情况。文章分析了动态更新方法,总结了关键技术的经验与体会,以供同行业开展此类工作参考。     

汶川MS8.0地震的前兆异常时空演化过程及其力学分析

为了研究2008年汶川M_S8.0地震前10年前兆异常的时空演化过程, 采用地震破裂区的几何中心和余震区椭圆中心线为中心的两种方法计算前兆异常的震中距。 结果表明: 在汶川地震前2年左右前兆异常逐渐增多; 近源区(震源2倍左右尺度)异常测项比大于25%, 远源区中震源3～5倍尺度区域的异常测项比为17%～24%。 前兆异常时空演化过程存在三个不同的变化阶段, 即α阶段(包括α₁和α₂, 震前700～3000 d)的异常主要分布在余震区以外的西南地区和西北地区, 表现为远源区与近源区的前兆均存在向外扩展的特点; β阶段(震前300～700 d)的异常分布在余震区西南部和北部地区, 表现为大范围出现异常; γ阶段(包括γ₁和γ₂, 震前300 d内)的异常分布范围较广, 异常主要分布在余震区的西南部和东北部地区, 表现为远源区的异常向震中收缩过程(γ₁)和近源区的异常向外扩展的过程(γ₂)。 地震孕育过程的实验研究和力学分析表明, 地震孕育过程中前兆异常的三阶段特征可能是受孕震体的控制, 是孕震过程中的一种表现形式, 是一个地震孕育过程中的普遍性特点, 对地震预测具有一定指导作用。     

地震滑坡编目图误差分析

地震滑坡编目是地震滑坡区域研究的基础。近年来,单次地震事件后的地震滑坡编目工作成果多有出现,然而,地震滑坡编目误差分析,尤其是滑坡的面积与体积误差分析研究却是一项空白。本文提出了一种基于遥感影像空间分辨率的地震滑坡编目误差分析方法,并分别对2010年4月14日玉树Mw69级地震触发的2036处滑坡、2010年1月12日海地Mw70级地震触发的30828处滑坡、2008年5月12日汶川Mw79级地震触发的197481处滑坡编目图进行误差分析。结果表明玉树地震滑坡面积为1191 km2,误差范围是1153 ~1229 km2（9681%~10319%）,体积为2012×106m3,误差范围是1947×106~2078×106m3（9677%~10328%）;海地地震滑坡面积为15743km2,误差范围是15118 ~16368 km2（9603%~10397%）,体积为29698×106m3,误差范围是28594×106~30821×106m3（9628%~10378%）;汶川地震滑坡面积为1160025km2,误差范围是1072258 ~1248424km2（9243%~10762%）,体积为4693159×106m3,误差范围是4372957×106~5033739×106m3（9318%~10726%）。遥感影像分辨率与滑坡编目误差的关系分析表明不同分辨率遥感影像对地震滑坡编目图误差有明显影响,地震滑坡强频分布与滑坡编目误差的关系分析表明滑坡规模对地震滑坡编目图误差也有明显影响。该地震滑坡编目图误差分析方法可以推广应用于更多的地震滑坡事件。     

北京奥运会期间极端天气的气候统计分析

利用1971-2007年观象台、海淀、丰台、朝阳和顺义的气象要素资料,对北京奥运期间8月8-24日的极端天气事件进行了统计分析,结果表明:观象台极端最高气温为37.3℃,年Tmax＞36.0℃的出现概率为5%,呈明显的上升趋势,上升率为 0.69℃/10年,目前处在偏高期.城郊5站Tmax≥33℃的平均日数为2.8天,变化趋势基本一致,目前处在日数偏多期,每年平均高温闷热(Tmax≥32℃且平均相对湿度≥55%)天气日数为4.7天.观象台日最大降雨量中出现雨量≥25mm*d-1的概率高达68%,城郊5站雨量≥25mm的平均降雨日为1.1天,观象台日最大降雨强度的最大值为156.2mm*d-1.城郊5站平均雷暴日数为3.7天,上述三要素均处在低值期.10分钟平均风速≥7m*s-1以上的大风日数城郊5站为1.2天,目前处在风速较小期.城郊5站平均大雾日数为0.7天,观象台低能见度≤2000m的日数从1990年代平均3.9天降到2000-2007年的1.5天,目前处在日数较少期.     

边界数据稀疏地区似大地水准面模型的建立

研究了斯托克斯移去恢复法和框架约束球谐函数展开模型,分析了数据稀疏、质量不高地区的计算情况,实现了框架约束球谐函数模型精度优于常规斯托克斯移去恢复法。