Using simulated data to investigate the spatial patterns of obesity prevalence at the census tract level in metropolitan Detroit

Obesity is a serious public health problem in the United States. It is important to estimate obesity prevalence at the local level to target programmatic and policy interventions. It is challenging, however, to obtain local estimates of obesity prevalence because national health surveys such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) are not designed to produce direct estimates at the local levels (e.g. census tracts) due to small population samples and the need to preserve individual confidentiality. In this study we address the problem of estimating local obesity prevalence rates by implementing a spatial microsimulation modeling technique to proportionally replicate the demographic characteristics of BRFSS respondents to census tract populations in metropolitan Detroit. Obesity prevalence rates are examined for high and low spatial clusters and studied in relation to the U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA) measures of low-income neighborhoods and local food deserts and CDC's measure of healthy and less healthy food environments currently used to target obesity reduction initiatives. This study found that obesity prevalence was largely clustered in the City of Detroit extending north into contiguous suburbs. The spatial patterns of highest obesity prevalence tracts were most similarly aligned with USDA-defined low-income tracts and CDC's less healthy food tracts. The locations of USDA's food desert tracts rarely overlapped with the highest obesity prevalence tracts. This study demonstrated a new methodology by which to assess local areas in need of future obesity interventions.     

基于反射地震资料探讨泥河湾盆地的新生代和中生代地层

查明泥河湾盆地新生界及中生界地层序列及基底的分布与赋存形态是研究泥河湾盆地形成机制的基础性工作。本研究在泥河湾盆地桑干河与壶流河交接处附近采集了四条测线的反射地震数据,通过对精细处理后的地震剖面进行详细分析,在剖面上厘定了三个具有明显强反射标志的地层,即古近系的玄武岩、侏罗系上统的含煤地层和侏罗系下统的含煤地层;其中,新近系沉积层与古近系玄武岩界面在地震剖面上出现的双程旅行时为0.3~0.6s,深度范围为300~500m,而第四系泥河湾组底界由南西到北东逐渐加深,其界面深度为200~300m;侏罗系上统含煤地层在地震剖面上出现的双程旅行时在0.8s上下波动,其深度约为1200m,探测出侏罗系上统顶界面的深度范围为800~1100m;侏罗系下统含煤地层在地震剖面上出现的双程旅行时为1.0~1.4s,深度范围为1800~2000m,由此推测出中生界侏罗系与古生界寒武系地层分界线的深度为2000m左右;根据地震反射波阻抗差别推测出新元古界和太古界地层的分界面在地震剖面上出现的时间约为2.5s,其深度为4000m左右。本研究通过四条反射地震测线的数据基本上查明了泥河湾盆地位于探测区处第四系泥河湾组底界面的深度分布范围及起伏形态、侏罗系上统顶界面和下统底界面的大致埋深,为查明泥河湾盆地新生界及中生界地层序列提供了基础性的参考信息。     

Complex rift geometries resulting from inheritance of pre-existing structures: Insights and regional implications from the Barmer Basin rift

Structural studies of the Barmer Basin in Rajasthan, northwest India, demonstrate the important effect that pre-existing faults can have on the geometries of evolving fault systems at both the outcrop and basin-scale. Outcrop exposures on opposing rift margins reveal two distinct, non-coaxial extensional events. On the eastern rift margin northwest–southeast extension was accommodated on southwest- and west-striking faults that form a complex, zig-zag fault network. On the western rift margin northeast–southwest extension was accommodated on northwest-striking faults that form classical extensional geometries.Combining these outcrop studies with subsurface interpretations demonstrates that northwest–southeast extension preceded northeast–southwest extension. Structures active during the early, previously unrecognised extensional event were variably incorporated into the evolving fault systems during the second. In the study area, an inherited rift-oblique fault transferred extension from the rift margin to a mid-rift fault, rather than linking rift margin fault systems directly. The resultant rift margin accommodation structure has important implications for early sediment routing and depocentre evolution, as well as wider reaching implications for the evolution of the rift basin and West Indian Rift System. The discovery of early rifting in the Barmer Basin supports that extension along the West Indian Rift System was long-lived, multi-event, and likely resulted from far-field plate reorganisations.     

Microphysical Responses to Catalysis During a Stratocumulus Aircraft Seeding Experiment over the Sanjiangyuan Region of China

This study explores the microphysical responses to a cloud seeding operation in the Sanjiangyuan region, China. The cloud seeding was performed using a zigzag flight pattern, while the detection phase was accomplished using a back-and-forth flight pattern through the top of a stratocumulus layer. Global Position System（GPS） and Particle Measuring System（PMS） data obtained during the operation are used to determine the efective cloud area before and after the operation, diferentiate the phase states of cloud particles, and analyze changes in the concentrations of liquid cloud particles and ice crystals, the evolution of the cloud particle spectrum, and the content of supercooled water. The median diameter of liquid cloud particles in the area of the cloud-seeding operation was 3.5–18.5 μm, most cloud particles observed in the 21.5–45.5-μm size regime were ice crystals, while all particles of size 50 μm and above were in the ice phase. Changes in the concentration and typical diameter of cloud particles within 36 km downwind of the cloudseeding operation did not exceed natural fluctuations in the cloud area before the operation; however, the concentration of liquid cloud particles decreased substantially in areas with high concentrations of supercooled water（concentrations of supercooled water exceeding 0.01 g m 3）. The concentration of ice crystals within the measuring range of the Forward Scattering Spectrometer Probe（FSSP） increased substantially, the water content of ice-phase particles increased, and the average supercooled water content in the cloud decreased from（68.3± 23.1）% before the operation to（34.2± 12.4）%. The efects of cloud seeding were more pronounced in parts of the cloud where the content of supercooled water was higher. Little to no efects were observed in parts of the cloud with low concentrations of supercooled water.     

Modeling Study of the Effect of Anthropogenic Aerosols on Late Spring Drought in South China

In this study,the mechanisms underlying the decadal variability of late spring precipitation in South China are investigated by using the latest Community Earth System Model version 1 （CESM1）.We aim to unravel the effects of different climate forcing agents such as aerosols and greenhouse gases （GHGs） on the decadal variation of precipitation,based on transient experiments from pre-industry （for year 1850） to present-day （for year 2000）.Our results reveal that：（1） CESM1 can reproduce the climatological features of atmospheric circulation and precipitation for the late spring in South China; （2） only simulations including the forcing of anthropogenic aerosols can reproduce the observed decreasing trend of late spring precipitation from 1950-2000 in South China; （3） aerosols affect the decadal change of precipitation mainly by altering the large-scale atmospheric circulation,and to a less extent by increasing the lower-tropospheric stability to inhibit the convective precipitation; and （4） in comparison,other climate forcing agents such as GHGs have much smaller effects on the decadal change of spring precipitation in South China.     

不同分辨率CCSM4对东亚和中国气候模拟能力分析

本文利用通用气候系统模式CCSM4在三种水平分辨率下的工业化革命前期气候模拟试验,结合观测和再分析资料,比较了各分辨率下模式对中国温度和降水、东亚海平面气压和850 hPa风场的模拟能力,综合评价了模式分辨率对东亚和中国气候模拟的影响.结果表明,三种分辨率对中国温度均具有很好的模拟能力,除春季外,低分辨率(T31,约3.75°×3.75°)对全年温度的模拟能力均要稍好于中(f19,约1.9°×2.5°)、高(f09,约0.9°×1.25°)分辨率;各分辨率对中国降水的模拟能力远不如温度,除冬季外全年都出现的中部地区虚假降水并未因为模式分辨率提高而得到本质改善;对于东亚海平面气压场,低分辨率在冬季模拟能力相对最好,中等分辨率在夏季相对较好,而高分辨率的模拟能力均表现最差;低分辨率对850 hPa东亚冬季风和夏季风的模拟能力均要好于中、高分辨率,而两种较高分辨率的模拟能力则比较接近.总的来说,低分辨率CCSM4在东亚和中国气候模拟中表现出了较大优势,加之其计算代价小,适合进行需要较长时间积分的气候模拟研究.     

基于不同轨道高度iHCO通信卫星的CAPS星座优化研究

基于通信卫星的导航系统可以利用比地球静止轨道（Geostationary Earth Orbit,GEO）高约200 km的倾斜高圆轨道（inclined Highly Circular Orbit,iHCO）通信卫星组成导航星座.结合两种轨道高度的倾斜高圆轨道通信卫星,仿真分析了利用倾斜高圆轨道卫星组成的中国区域定位系统（Chinese Area Positioning System,CAPS）的导航性能,并讨论了利用倾斜高圆轨道卫星组成的中国区域定位系统实现中国区域覆盖的最佳星座布局.     

接收机滤波器群时延对CAPS伪距测量影响的优化研究

在中国区域定位系统（Chinese Area Positioning System,CAPS）中,带通滤波器是用户接收机的重要组成部分,对于宽频测距码来说,其群时延特性是测距的重要误差来源之一.分析了接收机码跟踪环路,给出相关函数估算测距偏差,对带通滤波器群时延开展仿真分析,并研究了改进接收机设计以优化群时延特性的方法.研究对GNSS接收机的射频和环路设计有一定借鉴意义.     

城市规划信息系统初探

城市规划信息系统作为城市地理信息系统的一个重要的专题分支系统 ,是城市规划体系的基础和纽带。因此 ,通过研究城市规划信息系统的基础理论来指导城市规划信息系统的具体实践 ,进而实现城市可持续发展的战略 ,具有重要意义。