林地面积的手持GPS量测

通过秩亏自由网平差原理对手持式GPS接收机测量的坐标值进行平差,旨在提高手持式GPS测量地块面积的精度。实验证明,用秩亏自由网平差法求算面积的精度,有效地考虑了各点的误差,虽然计算过程很复杂,但是通过VisualBasic编制的程序可以很快完成面积计算、精度评定等工作。虽然手持式GPS有一定的定位误差,但是通过皮尺测距有效地控制了其误差,提高了观测精度,可广泛应用于林分面积量测及地类变化监测。     

用格子Boltzmann方法构建大气动力学模式的初步研究

文中建立了一个格子Boltzmann模型 ,经过Chapman Enskog展开得到的方程组能完整描述正压大气的动力过程 ,成功地模拟了正压地转适应过程 ,对Obukhov的经典例子进行了数值检验。结果表明 ,Obukhov的结果只体现了科氏力和气压梯度力的平衡 ,而本模型可以精确地描述科氏力、惯性力和气压梯度力三者的完整平衡 ,与Obukhov线性理论相比 ,气压变化量的数值相差 2 8% ,说明了线性适应理论只在定性方面正确 ,在定量方面还不准确。数值结果还表明粘性力在地转适应过程中基本不起作用。同时 ,还模拟了一个更大尺度的适应问题 ,验证了气压场与风场适应过程取决于尺度大小这一论断数值试验表明 ,格子Boltzmann方法用于模拟大气运动是可行的 ,而且因其编程简洁方便 ,天然具有极好的并行性能 ,对于建立模拟大气和海洋这样涉及复杂动力热力过程的多相大规模数值模式很有发展潜力     

Pre-seismic, co-seismic and post-seismic displacements associated with the Bhuj 2001 earthquake derived from recent and historic geodetic data

The 26th January 2001 Bhuj earthquake occurred in the Kachchh Rift Basin which has a long history of major earthquakes. Great Triangulation Survey points (GTS) were first installed in the area in 1856–60 and some of these were measured using Global Positioning System (GPS) in the months of February and July 2001. Despite uncertainties associated with repairs and possible reconstruction of points in the past century, the re-measurements reveal pre-seismic, co-seismic and post-seismic deformation related to Bhuj earthquake. More than 25 Μ-strain contraction north of the epicenter appears to have occurred in the past 140 years corresponding to a linear convergence rate of approximately 10 mm/yr across the Rann of Kachchh. Motion of a single point at Jamnagar 150 km south of the epicenter in the 4 years prior to the earthquake, and GTS-GPS displacements in Kathiawar suggests that pre-seismic strain south of the epicenter was small and differs insignificantly from that measured elsewhere in India. Of the 20 points measured within 150 km of the epicenter, 12 were made at existing GTS points which revealed epicentral displacements of up to 1 m, and strain changes exceeding 30 Μ-strain. Observed displacements are consistent with reverse co-seismic slip. Re-measurements in July 2001 of one GTS point (Hathria) and eight new points established in February reveal post-seismic deformation consistent with continued slip on the Bhuj rupture zone.     

Patterns of Coping and Adaptation Among Erosion-Induced Displacees in Bangladesh: Implications for Hazard Analysis and Mitigation

The purpose of this research was to identify social, culturaland psychological aspects of riverbank erosion-induced displacement in the flood plainsof Bangladesh. Although considerable research has examined the social and economicimpacts of riverine hazards in Bangladesh, there has been a general neglect of associatedpsychosocial implications. The specific objectives of the study were to: (1) assess hazardawareness in relation to riverbank erosion, (2) determine the magnitude of psychologicaldistress associated with displacement, and (3) identify patterns of psychosocial copingand adaptation common to displaced persons in Bangladesh. Although displacees were foundto have a significantly higher level of distress than non-displacees, this was relatedprimarily to socioeconomic deprivation rather than to displacement per se. The findingsof this study showed that the constant threat of riverbank erosion has contributed to asubstantial disaster subculture in the riverine zones of Bangladesh. The commonly hypothesized factorssuch as loss of land and frequency and duration of displacement were notsignificantly associated with distress levels.The need to integrate into hazard analysis and mitigation studiesa social, cultural and psychological context is recommended. In Bangladesh, the poor copewith hardship and problems by relying on religion, which in turn significantlyinfluences how they perceive and interpret natural calamities. It is argued that the capacityof people to respond to environmental threats is a function of not only the physicalforces which affect them, but of indigenous social and cultural belief systems which influencehow people interpret and organize their activities. Hazard analysis and mitigation wouldbe most effective when it takes into account psychological and socio-cultural aspects ofdisasters, due to the fact that psychological distress impacts the capacity of people toachieve livelihoods, but also important social and psychological processes determine the waypeople perceive and adapt to natural hazards.     

基于GIS的土地整理基础信息数据库建立

合理组织和应用土地整理中的空间数据和属性数据对提高土地整理效率具有重要意义，该文探讨应用GIS技术收集土地整理基础数据和建立土地整理基础信息数据库的方法。     

OBSERVATIONAL STUDY OF MESO-β WAVE IN LOW LATITUDES OF SOUTH CHINA SEA OVER THE SUMMER MONSOON

The intensive observation data of the Nansha Islands are used to study and discuss the meso-and fine-scale systems existing with large-scale monsoon circulation during the onset of the southwesterly monsoon in the low-latitude areas of the South China Sea. Effects of low-latitude tropical meso-scale gravity waves on weather have been disclosed. The generation and transportation of the local meso-scale gravity wave have been preliminarily studied from the viewpoint of dynamics.     

海洋测线网系统误差确定的3种模型

为探测系统误差和数据调整的需要，文中将误差模型分为两种基本形式，在此基础上给出了确定测线系统误差的3种模型：模型A、模型B和极大调整模型。在这3种模型中，模型A、B确定参数的差异主要体现在模型B将系统整体性影响按照平差空间结构分配至测线系统误差，极大调整模型原理的理论基础是模型A基准权的特例。实例计算验证，模型A能够较好地探测系统误差，模型B则适合于数据调整。     

GPSurvey软件利用地方坐标系坐标作为GPS网约束平差条件的探讨

通过在GPSurvey软件中设置投影参数,可以利用地方坐标系坐标作为GPS网约束平差条件,即可直接获得和已知点相统一的地方坐标系坐标。     

THE FORMATION MECHANISM OF CONCENTRIC DOUBLE EYE WALL TYPHOON—PART Ⅰ: DYNAMICAL ANALYSIS*

The strong vortex will mutually adjust the thermodynamic field and dynamic field to a state of gradient balance whilst forced by an external cold source,namely,the gradient adjustment process,in which a linearized two-layer model is dealt with in this paper.The analyses show that on account of the heterogeneous radial distribution of the cold source,the adjustment of the thermodynamic and dynamic fields results in the two-peak tangential wind feature,which is analogous to the character of concentric double eyewalls in the strong typhoon.Consequently,the gradient adjustment may be one possible mechanism for the formation of a concentric double-eye typhoon.     

Impact of hydroelectric power releases on the morphology and sedimentology of the bed of the Warche River (Belgium)

The Butgenbach dam on the Warche River was built in 1932 in order to maintain a suf?cient supply of water to the Robertville reservoir situated 7 km downstream, for the production of hydroelectricity. During winter months, releases are made almost every day from the Butgenbach dam. From a hydrological point of view, this has resulted in signi?cantly reducing the number of discharges that are higher than bankfull. Despite the reduction in peak discharge, there is a signi?cant increase in the number of ef?cient discharges (0·6 bankfull). The impacts of these hydrological modi?cations on the bed morphology and sedimentology below the Butgenbach dam have been studied and the following geomorphological modi?cations have been identi?ed: a doubling of the width of the channel in 45 years, a reduction in the number of rif?es and pools, an increase in the number of gravel bars and islets and an increase in bedrock outcrops in the channel. Moreover, the ?nest bed particles are mobilized by the almost daily releases, inducing a signi?cant increase in bed‐material size sorting. The reduction of sinuosity and the disappearance of bed differentiation and rif?e/pool sequences have produced a diminution of bed roughness and an increase of the competence of the river. Thus relatively small ?oods can remove the armoured layer. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.