基于MapX和Oracle Spatial建立矿区土地复垦信息系统探讨

煤炭资源的开采破坏了大量的土地,加剧了人地矛盾,土地复垦是矿区可持续发展的重要内容之一.矿区土地复垦是一个边缘交叉学科,所需处理的数据涉及采矿、地质、地理、土壤、农林、生物、社会经济等众多领域,具有数据信息量大、相互关系复杂等特点.传统的数据处理方法已难以适应土地复垦发展的要求.主要研究了矿区土地复垦信息系统的主要功能,并分析了基于MapX和Oracle Spatial进行系统开发的关键技术.     

Explicit integration of a porosity‐dependent hydro‐mechanical model for unsaturated soils

An adaptive substepping explicit integration scheme is developed for a porosity‐dependent hydro‐mechanical model for unsaturated soils. The model is referred to as the modified σ –Θ model in this paper, which features the employment of the subloading surface plasticity and the stress–saturation approach. On numerical aspects, convex/nonconvex subloading surfaces in the σ –Θ space may result in incorrect loading–unloading decisions during the integration. A new loading–unloading decision method is developed here to solve the problem and then embedded into the explicit integration scheme for the modified σ –Θ model. In addition, to enhance the accuracy of the explicit integration, local errors from both hydraulic and mechanical components are included in the error control for each substep. A drift correction method is also developed to ensure the state point lies on the subloading surface in the σ –Θ space within a set error level. The performance of the loading–unloading decision method for the modified σ –Θ model is discussed through comparing it with the conventional loading–unloading decision method. The importance of involving the hydraulic component in the error control is also demonstrated. The accuracy and efficiency of the proposed adaptive substepping explicit integration scheme for the modified p–Θ model are also studied via several numerical examples. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Generation of correlated properties in heterogeneous porous media

The spatial distribution of rock properties in porous media, such as permeability and porosity, often is strongly variable. Therefore, these properties usefully may be considered as a random field. However, this variability is correlated frequently on length scales comparable to geological lengths (for example, scales of sand bodies or facies). To solve various engineering problems (for example, in the oil recovery process) numerical models of a porous medium often are used. A need exists then to understand correlated random fields and to generate them over discretized numerical grids. The paper describes the general mathematical methods required to do this, with one particular method (the nearest neighbor model) described in detail. How parameters of the mathematical model may be related to rock property statistics for the nearest neighbor model is shown. The method is described in detail in one, two, and three dimensions. Examples are given of how model parameters may be determined from real data.     

Spatial rainfall estimation by linear and non-linear co-kriging of radar-rainfall and raingage data

The feasibility of linear and nonlinear geostatistical estimation techniques for optimal merging of rainfall data from raingage and radar observations is investigated in this study by use of controlled numerical experiments. Synthetic radar and raingage data are generated with their hypothetical error structures that explicitly account for sampling characteristics of the two sensors. Numerically simulated rainfall fields considered to be ground-truth fields on 4×4 km grids are used in the generation of radar and raingage observations. Ground-truth rainfall fields consist of generated rainfall fields with various climatic characteristics that preserve the space-time covariance function of rainfall events in extratropical cyclonic storms. Optimal mean areal precipitation estimates are obtained based on the minimum variance, unbiased property of kriging techniques under the second order homogeneity assumption of rainfall fields. The evaluation of estimated rainfall fields is done based on the refinement of spatial predictability over what would be provided from each sensor individually. Attention is mainly given to removal of measurement error and bias that are synthetically introduced to radar measurements. The influence of raingage network density on estimated rainfall fields is also examined.     

不连续岩体变形破坏过程中AE的空间演化与意义

通过一些典型节理化岩体模型变形破坏过程中的AE事件的定位分析和破裂面形态的研究,探讨了不连续岩体变形破坏过程的空间演化特征。结果表明:单节理岩体变形破坏的空间动态特征受节理角控制,随着节理角从小变大,岩体的变形破坏方式从AE在局部集中的突发式失稳向AE弥漫于整个节理层面的类似渐进式的破坏形式发展；失稳破裂面从简单的整体状岩-膏界面变成形态复杂的层内复合破裂面；复杂节理岩体的变形破坏受一条（组）主导构造控制,强AE事件集中发生在不连续构造交汇部位,在包含多条主构造的岩体模型中最终失稳破裂面只与最后阶段AE的位置一致。     

近年来我国城市地理学主要研究领域的新进展

本文对改革开放以来中国城市地理学研究的新进展作了综述，尤其注重新领域的进展和主要观点的概括。本文涉及的主要领域包括：（１）城市化研究；（２）城市发展方针的研究；（３）城市体系研究；（４）城市内部空间结构研究。最后，在研究展望中作者指出，在社会主义市场经济体制下，应开展城市土地和住房以及国际大都市的研究。     

面向对象的空间数据采集

本文主要介绍在Turbo C++支撑下,用面向对象的方法,对地图的空间数据进行采集、分类、编辑、净化。该系统利用C++中面向对象的概念及类的继承与地图数据的层次关系相吻合的特点,使得数据的输出能满足更多的要求,并且针对地图数据量大的特点,引入了多态和动态覆盖相结合的方法,以满足内存和速度两方面的要求。     

用地震资料预测孔隙度的广义协克里格法

在Doyen工作的基础上,本文对简单协克里格法作了一些改进,提出了用地震资料预测孔隙度的广义协克里格法,详细推导证明了其基本公式.并分别用3种方法预测了松辽盆地宋站地区扶余油层含气砂岩储层的孔隙度分布.井孔处的交互检验证明,广义协克里格法比线性回归法和简单协克里格法预测孔隙度的均方根误差分别小40％和30％以上.     

专题制图决策支持系统的设计

专题制图中有很多决策问题,如何建立一个专题制图决策支持系统是本文要讨论的问题。本文对下面的问题进行了讨论和介绍;专题制图决策支持系统的总体设计、子系统间的信息交换、地图表达手段、数据处理方法等。