丽江干河坝冰-岩碎屑流地貌、沉积特征与成因机制分析

2004年3月12日,云南省丽江市玉龙雪山南坡发生了较大规模的冰-岩碎屑流型高速远程滑坡。位于斜坡顶部（高程为4 337~5 350 m）的岩体和冰川块体沿着高陡岩壁向下滑动,在峡谷地形控制下于干河坝内形成体积约11.2×10⁶ m³的滑坡堆积体。本文通过遥感影像分析和现场调查,对干河坝冰-岩碎屑流的地貌与堆积特征进行了详细研究,初步阐释了干河坝冰-岩碎屑流发生的成因机制和运动过程。研究结果表明,节理裂隙发育、源区冻融作用加剧和历史地震效应是此次地震的诱发因素。地形的坡度变化特征、滑体表面“乘船石”结构及内部岩屑的定向排列表明滑坡的运动过程可分为碰撞破碎阶段和扩散堆积阶段。滑坡堆积区广泛分布的“冰川乳坑”和冰水沉积物暗示堆积体底部松散沉积物减阻或是干河坝冰-岩碎屑流具有远程效应的有利因素。深入理解干河坝冰-岩碎屑流的地貌特征及运动学过程,对揭示高速远程滑坡的超强运动机理具有重要的理论意义,同时对我国西部高寒山区大型滑坡灾害的预测预警亦具有现实意义。     

五台山积雪变化趋势及其影响因素

基于MODIS积雪产品与微波遥感数据,分析五台山2000—2019水文年积雪时空分布、变化趋势及与影响因素的Pearson相关性,结果表明：（1）五台山积雪期为10月至翌年4月,年内呈单峰型变化趋势,积雪集中于西北部。（2）积雪面积和积雪日数的年际变化呈显著减少趋势（p<0.05）。（3）积雪面积和积雪日数与海拔正相关,积雪面积在北坡高于南坡。（4）积雪面积与气温相关程度高于降水量,积雪面积在年内与气温和降水量日值呈显著负相关（p<0.05）,在年际与气温年均值呈显著负相关（p<0.05）。     

‘All in’: Snow crab,capitalization, and the future of small-scale fisheries in Newfoundland

The collapse of cod stocks off the coast of Newfoundland and Labrador in the early 1990s has been widely identified as one of the greatest human-ecological catastrophes of the 20th century. In the aftermath of the crisis, heated debates took place about how the fishery should be structured in the future in order to facilitate the recovery of stocks and sustain coastal livelihoods. In the end, the trade union representing fishers and fish processing plant workers in the province proved successful in resisting pressures from fish processing companies to introduce full-scale privatization. It was also able to expand access to the lucrative snow crab fishery, thereby improving incomes for most remaining independent fishers in the province. Nevertheless, this paper argues that policy changes made shortly after cod moratorium, in combination with changing environmental, demographic, and market conditions, have created a situation which now threatens to undermine the capacity for small-scale fishing enterprises to remain independently owned and operated into the future.     

Investigating flash floods potential areas using ASCAT and TRMM satellites in the Western Cape Province,South Africa

The aim of the study was to evaluate flash flood potential areas in the Western Cape Province of South Africa, by integrating remote sensing products of high rainfall intensity, antecedent soil moisture and topographic wetness index (TWI). Rainfall has high spatial and temporal variability, thus needs to be quantified at an area in real time from remote sensing techniques unlike from sparsely distributed, point gauge network measurements. Western Cape Province has high spatial variation in topography which results in major differences in received rainfall within areas not far from each other. Although high rainfall was considered as the major cause of flash flood, also other contributing factors such as topography and antecedent soil moisture were considered. Areas of high flash flood potential were found to be associated with high rainfall, antecedent precipitation and TWI. Although TRMM 3B42 was found to have better rainfall intensity accuracy, the product is not available in near real time but rather at a rolling archive of three months; therefore, Multi- sensor precipitation estimate rainfall estimates available in near real time are opted for flash flood events. Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT) soil moisture observations were found to have a reasonable r value of 0.58 and relatively low MAE of 3.8 when validated with in situ soil moisture measurements. The results of this study underscore the importance of ASCAT and TRMM satellite datasets in mapping areas at risk of flooding.     

GIS-simulation of the spatial distribution of snow cover and observed ground temperatures in the Daisetsu Mountains,Japan

This paper describes one geometrical method of simulating the spatial distribution of snow cover. Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and precise Digital Elevation Model (DEM) were used in the simulation. The model is based on empirical parameters called coefficients depending on slope aspect and inclination. As a result, this model predicts that windward convex terrains remain snow-free during winter. This snow cover distribution was validated by usage of an air photograph taken in early spring, and the distribution of vegetation patches which represent the outer fringes of snow covered areas. Low ground temperatures together with high DC resistivities, which suggest the presence of permafrost, were identified in simulated snow-free areas.     

Characteristics and Environmental Significance of pH and EC in Summer Rainfall and Shallow Firn Profile at Yulong Snow Mountain,Lijiang City,China

The seasonal and inter-annual variations of pH and EC(electrical conductivity) at Yu-long(玉龙) Snow Mountain,Lijiang(丽江) City,are sensitive to precipitation variations and are important indicators of the atmospheric environment.The pH of summer rainfall at Lijiang City ranges from 6.7 to 7.4,and alkaline mineral salts dominate the variations of rainfall acidity.pH values in theshallow firn profile at Baishui(白水) Glacier No.1 range from 5.6 to 6.3,and EC values from 2.4 to 7.3 μs/cm.The ranges are lower than ...     

中国天山艾肯达坂透风式下导风防雪工程

据艾肯达坂风雪流形成条件，提出了贴地气层分离是公路吹雪堆积的机理，通过对密闭式下导风能量转换和流场结构的剖析，创造了透风式下导风防雪工程。其实施后，改变了公路因冬半年严重雪阻而不能通车的状况，经济效益和社会效益俱佳；     

Field measurements of snow-drift threshold and mass fluxes,and related model simulations

Field measurements were carried out to calculate the threshold friction velocity for snow saltation, and mass fluxes during snow drift. The wind was measured in three components by an ultrasonic anemometer, and the mass fluxes were determined using an optical sensor (snow particle counter), acoustic sensors (Flowcapt) and mechanical traps. The threshold friction velocity was found to be correlated to the grain size (R²=0.75). The mass flux measurements were compared with numerical simulations of snow drift, and it was demonstrated that the maximum snow transport takes place at shear stress values of roughly two times the average shear stress over 20 min. By implementing a probability distribution for the shear stress the mass flux was simulated with only the mean measured value of the shear stress as input. This procedure enables the future use of the numerical model for operational applications.     

Review of behaviour of oil in freezing environments

The current knowledge of the physical fate and behaviour of crude oil and petroleum products spilled in Arctic situations is reviewed. The fate and final deposition of oil in marine conditions is presented as based on the extant literature.

Spreading models were evaluated for oil on ice, under ice, in snow, in brash ice, and between blocks of ice. Models of oil transport under sheet and broken ice were considered, both for sea and river conditions. The ability of ice sheets to trap oil is discussed in relation to oil storage capacity. The effects of oil on a growing ice sheet were examined, both in terms of ice formation and the thermal effects of oil inclusions in ice. The migration of oil through ice was reviewed, focussing primarily on the movement through brine channels. The effects of oil on the surface of ice were considered, with emphasis on the effects of surface pools on ice melt. Similar consideration was given to the effects of oil on snow on the surface of ice.

The few quantitative studies of oil in open and dynamic ice conditions are reviewed. Observations of intentional small-scale spills in leads and ice fields are reviewed and compared with observations from real spills. The conditions under which “oil pumping” from leads occurs were quantified. The most common ultimate fate of oil in an ice field is to be released onto the water surface.