长治水泥厂区域地震地质环境评价

长治水泥厂位于山西隆起区南部长治盆地, 长治盆地属中强潜在震原区。场地附近晋获断裂现代活动相对较弱, 晚更新后断裂基本停止活动, 对水泥厂场地无直接影响。     

北大西洋IODP U1313站深海沉积中环境敏感粒度组分研究

通过对北大西洋 IODP U1313站深海沉积序列高密度取样和粒度分析,利用粒级-标准偏差变化算法和EMD方法提取了对环境敏感粒度组分并探讨了气候变化的周期。本文粒度组分可分为细组分( 1.73μm,组分Ⅱ),其中粗组分又分为组分Ⅱ a(1.73~34.26μm)和组分Ⅱ b( >34.26μm)。综合分析认为: 组分Ⅰ为西风环流搬运堆积形成,组分Ⅱ为洋流搬运下沉积形成,组分Ⅱ b虽然含量较低,但能指示冰漂砾事件的发生。比值曲线组分Ⅰ/组分Ⅱ和组分Ⅰ/组分Ⅱ a波动幅度较大,可作为反映古气候冷暖波动的敏感指标。对组分Ⅱ、组分Ⅰ/组分Ⅱ进行EMD分解,结果表明: 在本研究时段内,两指标对地球轨道三要素的周期体现均不明显,而2ka(2.12ka和2.15ka)的亚轨道千年周期是主要的周期之一。依据上述多个指标的波动情况,把研究剖面69.93~115.18mcd(1471.53~2415.60ka)分为9个古气候变化阶段: A阶段(1471.53~1640.09ka),对应深海氧同位素阶段(MIS)49~57,冰期和间冰期迅速转换,发生多次IRD事件; B阶段(1640.09~1865.57ka),对应MIS 58~69,间冰期显著而冰期不明显; C阶段(1865.57~1914.70ka),对应MIS 70~72,冰期显著而间冰期不明显; D阶段(1914.70~2021.13ka),对应MIS 73~76,冰期不显著;E阶段(2021.13~2092.21ka),对应MIS 77~78,冰期显著,发生多次IRD事件; F阶段(2092.21~2226.43ka),对应MIS 79~85,间冰期显著; G阶段(2226.43~2261.53ka),对应MIS 86期,发生多次IRD事件; H阶段(2261.53~2384.61ka),对应MIS 87~93,冰期不显著而间冰期显著; I阶段(2384.61~2415.60ka),对应MIS 94~95,发生多次IRD事件。     

南海ODP1144站深海沉积牵引体的岩石物理模型研究

ODP1144站是南海唯一钻揭深海沉积牵引体的站位,其完整的岩芯和测井资料为开展该沉积牵引体的岩石物理模型研究提供了良好的基础。此项研究对于理解南海深海沉积物中岩性参数与弹性参数间的关系具有重要意义,并可为根据反射地震资料开展定量岩性参数预测提供依据。对现有的深海沉积物岩石物理模型包括Wood悬浮模型、等球体颗粒接触模型、Sun速度一孔隙度关系模型进行了综述。根据岩芯分析资料将1144站深海沉积物的矿物组分简化为粘土矿物、碳酸盐、陆源碎屑和硅质生物4类;其中后3种组分的弹性模量及密度值分别由其代表矿物——方解石、石英及蛋白石的理论值代替,粘土矿物组分的等效弹性模量和等效密度则分别由Voigt-Reuss-Hill平均和体积平均计算得出。将3种岩石物理模型应用于1144站,计算得出深海沉积物的纵波速度并将其与声波测井纵波速度进行比较。结果表明,Sun模型计算结果与实测结果的吻合最好,误差最小;Wood模型所得结果在浅层与实测结果较吻合,在深层与实测结果出现偏差,误差较小;而等球体颗粒接触模型计算结果整体偏高,误差较大。     

浙江萧山跨湖桥遗址动物骨骼表面微痕与人类行为特征

浙江跨湖桥遗址位于中国东南沿海,是距今约8000年左右的新石器时代遗址。遗址中出土有大量哺乳动物骨骼,通过显微观测和统计,发现遗址动物骨骼表面有丰富的人工改造痕迹,并有家畜狗的啃咬痕迹等。其中人工改造痕迹的比重,达到所观察标本总数的17.57％。人工改造痕迹的显微特征、排列规律、分布位置等,反映遗址古居民已熟练掌握了剥皮、分解、剔肉等多种屠宰和加工技术。遗址古居民还对动物资源进行肉食之外的其他目的的开发,如把动物骨骼作为原料进行其他生产性加工等。跨湖桥遗址骨骼表面痕迹的观测,显示中国东南沿海新石器时代居民屠宰加工方法,与中国旧石器时代有密切的技术渊源,如对动物躯体进行分解时切割位置的选择等。遗址骨骼表面人工改造痕迹,与以前对旧石器时代的许多认识基本一致,但也有一些相异的地方,如切割刻划痕迹底部比较光滑,没有旧石器时代切割刻划痕底部的微细条纹(microstriations)等。这可能与该时期所使用工具发生变化相关。跨湖桥遗址骨骼表面改造痕迹的研究,对认识新石器时代古居民的行为方式、新石器时代与旧石器时代技术渊源等,具有重要的参考价值和启示作用。     

Shear wave velocities and primary influencing factors of Campi Flegrei–Neapolitan deposits

The Campi Flegrei caldera (Italy) has been the site of intense seismic activity over the past decades. This area is densely populated and includes important towns such as Napoli with historical sites and supporting many industries. For the proper use and management of the region, the evaluation of the dynamic properties of near-surface rocks is necessary.

The volcanological pattern has been reconstructed from the lithostratigraphies of several drillings. The most interesting and widespread pyroclastic products are the pozzolana deposit (soil) and the Neapolitan Yellow Tuff (rock). Both pozzolana and tuff products are covered by recent eluvial and coastal sandy deposits and younger volcanic products (<12 000 years). The characteristic ranges of the shear wave velocity (V_s) of the Campi Flegrei–Neapolitan soils and tuffs are defined and the primary influencing factors are evaluated. For the sandy deposits, the results show that eluvial and lacustral products have lower shear wave velocities than coastal products. For the volcanic products younger than 12 000 years b.p. the influence of vertical pressure is emphasized. As regards the pozzolana deposit (soil) and the Neapolitan Yellow Tuff (rock), a major influencing factor is shown by the textural characteristics and the different hardening degrees as a consequence of the diagenetic processes. The scattering of the V_s velocities for the same formation is so wide that only the variability ranges can be individuated. These results suggest a need to carry out detailed V_s measurements or, at least, to make a parametric study of the effect of the V_s ranges on seismic response analysis in order to give safe building codes.     

泥河湾侯家窑遗址古河流及环境考古意义

侯家窑遗址位于泥河湾盆地西北部,自发现至今,历经40余年,但遗址年代和古人类生存环境问题仍悬而未决。本文基于地质地貌观测、电阻率测深、高程测量等工作,试图通过遗址区地层结构和古河流发育情况研究,阐释上述问题。结果如下:①伴随着泥河湾古湖的快速萎缩,在侯家窑遗址区发育了一条源自北部熊耳山、宽逾1 km的古河流。它形成于240 ka B.P.前,消亡于晚更新世初,发育历史贯穿了侯家窑古人类生存阶段的始终。②遗址古文化遗存不是埋藏在湖相泥河湾层中,而是埋藏于距今约224~161 ka的牛轭湖沉积层和壤化黏土层内,表明古人类在此倚河而居长达6万年。③遗址区面向东南的宽阔圈椅状地形,为古人类生存造就了相对温和舒适的地理环境;古河流既为古人类提供了水源,良好的流域生态环境也给古人类提供了富足的食物;熊耳山既是古河流源地,也是优质石料产地,古河流将石料搬运至遗址附近,石器制作便利。因此,在寒冷气候条件下生活的古人类,选择生境较好的侯家窑遗址区倚河而居势成必然。④遗址区古河流发育在易遭侵蚀的泥河湾湖相沉积层之上,河水泥沙含量高、浑浊,唯有遗址附近的牛轭湖区水流缓滞、清澈,而且植物繁茂,是各类动物优先猎食和饮水的地方。但牛轭湖独特的地貌特点,使动物们在急迫情况下难以逃脱,古人类此地围猎,远较他地成功率高。     

南海北部神狐区域 SH2 站位甲烷水合物成藏动力学模拟研究

南海北部神狐区域海底的高丰度水合物储层与生物成因为主的甲烷气源表明该区域很可能是一种特殊的复合型海洋水合物系统,其成藏动力学机制有待进一步的研究和澄清。建立了一个耦合沉积层地质属性-流体流动过程-水合物反应动力学的传输-反应模型,区别了两种不同类型的水合物形成(分解)动力学过程：(1)在通常情况下溶解甲烷和游离气共同形成水合物,(2)特殊情况下游离气直接生成水合物,结果表明在神狐海域热力学环境下游离气形成水合物速度比溶解甲烷快约4倍,气体含量和动力学常数比值越大生成水合物越快,而对比水合物分布的模拟结果与实测数据表明该区域水合物储层聚集和产状很可能受到了其他地质活动的影响。     

考虑场地和震源机制的近断层地震动衰减特性的研究

在收集了世界范围内自由场地的近断层地震记录基础上 ,综合考虑台站场地和震源构造机制的差别 ,应用统计分析方法对近断层地震动的峰值加速度、峰值比、特征比值及特定周期处的反应谱的衰减关系进行了研究 ,并和集集地震得到的结果进行了比较 ,发现场地和震源机制的共同作用对近断层地震动的影响是很显著的 ,为抗震设计规范的研究提供了参考     

南海北部一百万年以来的表层古生产力变化：来自ODP1144站的蛋白石记录

通过南海北部ODP 1144站蛋白石含量测定及其堆积速率的计算,并结合氧同位素记录等相关资料,获得南海北部1050ka以来高分辨率的表层古生产力变化与冰期旋回和东亚季风的关系。约900ka以来,蛋白石含量及其堆积速率较900ka以前明显增加,反映了“中更新世革命”事件之后,全球气候变冷,并导致表层生产力的提高。由于第四纪冰期旋回中的冬、夏季风的加强,加上1144站特殊的地理位置,使该站在冰期时表层生产力增加,间冰期时表层生产力降低。浮游有孔虫氧同位素记录与蛋白石含量及其堆积速率的时间序列频谱分析结果显示,三者均出现了相对应的偏心率周期、斜率周期和岁差周期,说明该站表层生产力的变化主要受地球轨道周期的驱动。     

Nonlinear Analysis of Local Site Effects on Seismic Ground Response in the Bam Earthquake

The influence of local geologic and soil conditions on the intensity of ground shaking is addressed in this study. The amplification of the ground motion due to local site effects resulted in severe damage to dwellings in the Bam area during the 2003 Bam Earthquake. A unique set of strong motion acceleration recordings was obtained at the Bam accelerograph station. Although the highest peak ground acceleration recorded was the vertical component (nearly 1 g), the longitudinal component (fault-parallel motion) clearly had the largest maximum velocity as well as maximum ground displacement. Subsurface geotechnical and geophysical (down-hole) data in two different sites have been obtained and used to estimate the local site condition on earthquake ground motion in the area. The ground response analyses have been conducted considering the nonlinear behavior of the soil deposits using both equivalent linear and nonlinear approaches. The fully nonlinear method embodied in FLAC was used to evaluate the nonlinear soil properties on earthquake wave propagation through the soil layer, and compare with the response from the equivalent linear approach. It is shown that thick alluvium deposits amplified the ground motion and resulted in significant damage in residential buildings in the earthquake stricken region. The comparison of results indicated similar response spectra of the motions for both equivalent and nonlinear analyses, showing peaks in the period range of 0.3–1.5 s. However, the amplification levels of nonlinear analysis were less than the equivalent linear method especially in long periods. The observed response spectra are shown to be above the NEHRP building code design requirements, especially at high frequencies.