太行山和山东半岛地形对冷流暴雪的影响分析

用WRF模式模拟了2005 年12 月6-7 日山东半岛一次冷流暴雪过程,通过降低太行山地形高度至10 m和抬升山东半岛地形高度至500 m的敏感性数值试验,分别分析了上游太行山和本地山东半岛地形对山东半岛冷流降雪的影响。结果表明：太行山对山东半岛冷流降雪的强度起到了加强的作用,降低太行山地形高度的敏感性试验在山东半岛北部10 m风场辐合强度较同时次控制性试验明显减弱,减弱的区域主要在山东半岛北部地区,其他区域变化不明显;同时敏感试验的流场在山东半岛的辐合也有所减弱,流线密度要疏散些。850 hPa西北风越过太行山后在背风面产生波动,波动中的气旋性小涡旋移至山东半岛后,加强了山东半岛本地的辐合强度。抬升山东半岛的地形高度后,地形的抬升辐合作用增强,故冷流降雪的强度也得到增强。     

三维层状孔隙介质中弹性波的一种积分表达式II：正确性检验和数值模拟实验

基于前一篇文章中得到的关于三维层状孔隙介质中弹性波场的积分形式半解析解,本文通过离散波数法开展了数值模拟.将全空间均匀孔隙介质中单力点源和爆炸点源作用下弹性波场的解析解和我们的数值模拟结果进行对比,发现两者是完全一致的.而在一个两层半空间模型下的数值模拟,验证了固相位移Green函数的9组空间互易性情况.通过以上两种对比检验,验证了半解析解理论公式、数值模拟方法以及相应程序代码的正确性和可靠性.随后利用敏感度分析研究了不同的介质参数变化对爆炸点源在界面上会产生的反射波场的影响.通过垂直地震剖面模型的数值模拟,发现弹性波场能很好地反映孔隙介质物理性质的变化,同时也讨论了动力协调这一孔隙介质中的特殊现象.我们发展的基于半解析解的数值模拟方法可以为三维层状孔隙介质中弹性波传播特征的研究提供一种可供选择的有效工具和手段.     

Three‐dimensional inversion of towed streamer electromagnetic data

A towed streamer electromagnetic system capable of simultaneous seismic and electromagnetic data acquisition has recently been developed and tested in the North Sea. We introduce a 3D inversion methodology for towed streamer electromagnetic data that includes a moving sensitivity domain. Our implementation is based on the 3D integral equation method for computing responses and Fréchet derivatives and uses the re‐weighted regularized conjugate gradient method for minimizing the objective functional with focusing regularization. We present two model studies relevant to hydrocarbon exploration in the North Sea. First, we demonstrate the ability of a towed electromagnetic system to detect and characterize the Harding field, a medium‐sized North Sea hydrocarbon target. We compare our 3D inversion of towed streamer electromagnetic data with 3D inversion of conventional marine controlled‐source electromagnetic data and observe few differences between the recovered models. Second, we demonstrate the ability of a towed streamer electromagnetic system to detect and characterize the Peon discovery, which is representative of an infrastructure‐led shallow gas play in the North Sea. We also present an actual case study for the 3D inversion of towed streamer electromagnetic data from the Troll field in the North Sea and demonstrate our ability to image all the Troll West Oil and Gas Provinces and the Troll East Gas Province. We conclude that 3D inversion of data from the current generation of towed streamer electromagnetic systems can adequately recover hydrocarbon‐bearing formations to depths of approximately 2 km. We note that by obviating the need for ocean‐bottom receivers, the towed streamer electromagnetic system enables electromagnetic data to be acquired over very large areas in frontier and mature basins for higher acquisition rates and relatively lower cost than conventional marine controlled‐source electromagnetic methods.     

基于地震数据子集的波形反演思路、方法与应用

地震数据与地下介质物性参数之间的复杂关系,决定了地震全波形反演在理论方法上面临着强烈的非线性难题.地下不同物性参数的不同分量在地震数据上具有不同的表现,勘探的不同阶段对地下介质模型的精度也具有不同的要求,这就决定了在地震全波形反演过程中不必时刻追求地震数据全部信息的匹配,部分信息的匹配就有可能解决现阶段的某些问题,还可以一定程度上规避匹配全部地震信息所遇到的强烈非线性难题.基于这样的考虑,我们提出了利用地震数据子集进行波形反演的思路,给出了统一的反演方法,并通过基于包络数据子集以及反射波数据子集的波形反演的理论模型与实际资料反演试验,证明了所提出的波形反演思路和方法的正确性.     

Estimation of paleo-firing temperatures using luminescence signals for the volcanic lava baked layer in Datong,China

Eight paleo-fired samples from the baked layer in different depths under the lava and one unfired sample were collected from Datong, China. Fine quartz grains (4–11 μm) from samples were used for probing into relationship between luminescence signals and paleo-firing temperatures. Findings from the re-firing experiments indicated that using thermoluminescence (TL) and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) sensitivity changes could estimate the paleo-firing temperatures of samples: (1) 110 °C TL sensitivity change rate against the re-firing temperature can tell whether the sample has been fired to temperatures above 500 °C or not; (2) 150 °C TL sensitivity against the re-firing temperature can indicate whether the sample has been fired to temperatures above 900 °C or not; (3) the more specific paleo-firing temperatures can be estimated by comparing the ratio of OSL and 150 °C TL sensitivities against re-firing temperatures. Results showed that the paleo-firing temperatures of the eight lava-baked samples decreased exponentially with the distance from the lava. Based on the estimated temperature profile, the temperature of the lava was estimated to be about 1100 °C.     

Joint inversion of Rayleigh‐wave dispersion data and vertical electric sounding data: synthetic tests on characteristic sub‐surface models

In the traditional inversion of the Rayleigh dispersion curve, layer thickness, which is the second most sensitive parameter of modelling the Rayleigh dispersion curve, is usually assumed as correct and is used as fixed a priori information. Because the knowledge of the layer thickness is typically not precise, the use of such a priori information may result in the traditional Rayleigh dispersion curve inversions getting trapped in some local minima and may show results that are far from the real solution. In this study, we try to avoid this issue by using a joint inversion of the Rayleigh dispersion curve data with vertical electric sounding data, where we use the common‐layer thickness to couple the two methods. The key idea of the proposed joint inversion scheme is to combine methods in one joint Jacobian matrix and to invert for layer S‐wave velocity, resistivity, and layer thickness as an additional parameter, in contrast with a traditional Rayleigh dispersion curve inversion. The proposed joint inversion approach is tested with noise‐free and Gaussian noise data on six characteristic, synthetic sub‐surface models: a model with a typical dispersion; a low‐velocity, half‐space model; a model with particularly stiff and soft layers, respectively; and a model reproduced from the stiff and soft layers for different layer‐resistivity propagation. In the joint inversion process, the non‐linear damped least squares method is used together with the singular value decomposition approach to find a proper damping value for each iteration. The proposed joint inversion scheme tests many damping values, and it chooses the one that best approximates the observed data in the current iteration. The quality of the joint inversion is checked with the relative distance measure. In addition, a sensitivity analysis is performed for the typical dispersive sub‐surface model to illustrate the benefits of the proposed joint scheme. The results of synthetic models revealed that the combination of the Rayleigh dispersion curve and vertical electric sounding methods in a joint scheme allows to provide reliable sub‐surface models even in complex and challenging situations and without using any a priori information.     

应用远震有限频率层析成像反演首都圈上地幔速度结构

本文选用首都圈数字地震台网2003年9月~2005年12月记录的300多个远震事件的波形资料,采用分频带多道互相关方法得到三个不同频段的P波相对走时数据共18499个,计算了每个频段的走时灵敏度核,应用有限频率层析成像反演得到首都圈地区的上地幔三维P波速度结构模型.利用检测板估计了反演结果的分辨率,并与射线层析成像方法的结果进行了比较,说明了反演结果的可靠性.研究结果表明,各构造单元具有明显不同的速度结构特征,其差异可到150 km深:燕山隆起区表现高速;太行山隆起区整体以低速为主并存在小范围高速块体;华北盆地、渤海湾下浅层上地幔中存在大范围的强低速异常,其顶面在50~70 km,可视为软流圈顶面的埋深,这一结果说明华北盆地、渤海湾下岩石圈明显减薄;张家口-蓬莱断裂带是上地幔浅部速度结构的变异带,也是岩石圈减薄的边界带,区内大部分强震都发生在该构造带上,由此看来该带上强震的发生不仅与地壳结构的不均匀性有关,还可能有较深的构造背景.     

Strategy for consistent model parameter calibration for soft soils using multi-objective optimisation

Constitutive models for soft soils require a large number of parameters to model the complex material response. One set of parameters should capture the soil response for various laboratory & in situ stress paths. This requires a new method to calibrate a consistent set of model parameters using test data from different load paths of classic geomechanical tests. The feasibility of the proposed method is demonstrated with the recently developed CREEP-SCLAY1S model. After a sensitivity analysis that highlights the model parameters for optimisation, an optimisation process for two different configurations is designed. The latter is successfully verified against artificially generated laboratory data.