基于FFT的精确高程异常估计问题

本文讨论了FFT估计高程异常及Romberg算法解求截断系数的有关问题;并利用雪林-拉普阶方差估计FFT法的误差值,指出ψ_0=1°.0的球帽是最佳选择。     

Constructive approximation and numerical methods in geodetic research today – an attempt at a categorization based on an uncertainty principle

Current activities and recent progress on constructive approximation and numerical analysis in physical geodesy are reported upon. Two major topics of interest are focused upon, namely trial systems for purposes of global and local approximation and methods for adequate geodetic application. A fundamental tool is an uncertainty principle, which gives appropriate bounds for the quantification of space and momentum localization of trial functions. The essential outcome is a better understanding of constructive approximation in terms of radial basis functions such as splines and wavelets. Received: 4 May 1999 / Accepted: 21 May 1999     

Probability distribution of random wave forces in weakly nonlinear random waves

Based on the second-order random wave theory, the joint statistical distribution of the horizontal velocity and acceleration is derived using the characteristic function expansion method. From the joint distribution and the Morison equation, the theoretical distributions of drag forces, inertia forces and total random wave forces are determined. The distribution of inertia forces is Gaussian as that derived using the linear wave model, whereas the distributions of drag forces and total random forces deviate slightly from those derived utilizing the linear wave model. It is found that the distribution of wave forces depends solely on the frequency spectrum of sea waves associated with the first order approximation and the second order wave–wave interaction.     

数字高程模型精度评定的基本理论

在剖析随机误差与逼近误差区别的基础上 ,指出数字高程模型 (DEM)内插误差属于逼近误差 ,精度评价方法不应继续延用“中误差”概念 ,而应采用“逼近误差”,给出了常用 DEM内插方法的误差评定模型 ,分析了等高线间距对 DEM内插精度影响的作用机制 ,最后解释了 DEM精度分析中用“中误差”概念无法解释的几个问题。     

非球形冰晶的毫米波k-Ze关系研究

针对毫米波雷达处理数据的实际需要,应用离散偶极子近似法DDA,获得了非球形冰晶的后向散射及衰减截面并进行了参数化,并主要基于细化的冰云模型,假设冰晶粒子谱为Γ分布,通过模拟取样各1330次（代表1330种粒子分布）,分别计算得到了W波段（94 GHz）与Ka波段（35 GHz）毫米波雷达探测的冰云衰减系数k及雷达反射率因子Z_e,而且利用数值模拟的方法,建立了k-Z_e关系的具体表达式。计算表明,非球形和非瑞利散射对W波段毫米波雷达衰减的影响较大,而且在同样滴谱分布条件下,W波段毫米波雷达的衰减比Ka波段毫米波雷达的大几倍,此外细化的冰云模型对k-Z_e关系具有影响。本研究对中纬度非降水性冰云的毫米波雷达的衰减订正具有参考价值,并对中国的毫米波雷达应用具有借鉴作用。     

Wave-induced mean flows in vertical rubble mound structures

Waves impinging on rubble mound breakwaters and seawalls induce a mean flow within the breakwater, analogous to the so-called undertow within the surf zone. Here, using a plane wave approximation (kh<1.5), a second-order problem is solved for an idealized breakwater with a rectangular cross-section to show the origin and the nature of the mean flow within the porous structure. The mean flow is expressed in terms of a mean stream function analytically derived, obtained based on the mass flux balance between the incident, reflected and transmitted waves. Furthermore, the evolution of other second-order magnitudes such as mean water level and mass flux is analyzed under different incident wave conditions, structure geometry and porous material characteristics. Results show that the evolution of the different mean quantities is controlled mainly by reflection and consequently depends highly on structure geometry and porous material characteristics. Furthermore, it is shown that the return flow is stronger with increasing mass flux decay. Some qualitative experiments to show the described mechanism are also presented.     

一种随机粗糙海面电磁散射的极化核函数

从磁场的积分方程出发,应用迭代方法推导了二次迭代条件下粗糙海面的近似电磁散射极化核函数,并对其进行了分析.这种函数的表示是在光学近似即KA近似的基础上的一种扩展形式,因而可称为扩展KA近似(EKA).Elfouhaily采用了与Holliday类似的方法分析了双站配置条件下散射的极化核函数,试图保留所有的高次项,但是由于处理的复杂性他只给出了斜率项在散射项中的表示形式,并称之为KA近似的"补充项".本文在此基础上进一步考虑了Elfouhaily近似的形式,给出了表示双站散射极化核函数的完整表达形式,并以此为基础推算了后向散射条件下极化核函数的理论结果,并与Elfouhaily的结果进行了对比,说明了极化核函数完整表达形式的合理性.近似散射极化核函数的分析对于深入理解粗糙表面(特别是海面)电磁散射特性以及散射近似模型的建立等问题的研究具有重要意义.     

双线偏振雷达降雨估测分析

本文提出排序配对逼近法来拟合１９９３—１９９４年１３１４次雷达和雨量计的取样资料，这样既弥补了线性回归法的不足，又提高了区域降水估测的精度。由误差分析知道：估测１０００ｋｍ２以上区域的降水时，对双线偏振雷达而言，其估测精度将极有可能降低到１０％以下且比常规雷达有明显改善；双线偏振雷达的两种估测公式之间差异不大；按降水强弱分型处理可提高常规雷达估测精度，但对双线偏振雷达估测无有利影响     

Limitations Of The Tangent Plane Approximation For Wide-field Imaging Using The Mauritius Radio Telescope

The Mauritius Radio Telescope (MRT) is a Fourier synthesis, non-coplanar T array. The primary objective of the telescope is to survey the southern sky at 151.5 MHz in the declination range -70^° to -10^°. Due to non-coplanarity, wide-field imaging and deconvolution of wide field images made using MRT are challenging problems in applications of radio interferometric techniques. This paper discusses the usefulness and limitations of the tangent plane approximation in transforming the measured visibilities to wide field images and in estimating the point spread function (PSF) required for the deconvolution. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Indentation of a continent with a built-in thickness change: experiment and nature

Orogens oblique to the direction of plate convergence are currently attributed to obliquity between the margins of one or both of the sutured continents to their direction convergence. We use a single analogue experiment and natural examples to illustrate a potential additional factor: variations in strength of the indented continent at a high angle to the convergence direction. The wavelengths of structures in laterally shortened lithosphere depend on the strength of the most competent layers. Lateral variations in crustal thickness must therefore lead to structures oblique to any applied lateral compression.

An analogue experiment was performed to explore this phenomenon. A two-layer ‘indented continent’ was modelled by a brittle upper crust of sand above a lower crust of high-viscosity polymer floating on a single layer of low-viscosity syrup representing the mantle. The well-known strike-slip structures allowing lateral escape to distant weak boundaries were hindered by lateral boundaries in front of the indenter. This allowed us to focus on the effects of a thickness change built into the ‘indented continent’ along a zone parallel to the direction in which a vertical rigid wall advancing at a steady rate represented the indenter. Vertical escape led to an ‘orogenic belt’ oblique to the advancing wall; this obliquity influences subsequent lateral escape. Model scaling and interpretations are based on Extended Thin Sheet Approximation (ETSA) and standard theories of faulting.

Four sectors of the Alpine–Himalayan orogen (Iran, Tunisia, the Eastern Alps and the Himalaya) are oblique to the continental convergence direction, and we point to thickness changes at high angles to the suture that may account for this geometry. As crustal thicknesses north of oblique sectors of the Himalayas are not yet known, we speculate on them.

We infer from the main difference between our experiment and all our examples chosen from nature that vertical orogenic escape was oblique to our model suture but can be parallel to natural sutures.