云南冬季一次强降水天气过程的模拟与分析

利用MM5中尺度非静力模式对2003年1月5~6日发生在云南省的强降水天气过程进行了数值模拟分析。结果表明:(1)偏南低空急流是造成冬季暴雨的主要影响系统,低空急流上的扰动导致一个相对大的风速核从急流主体分裂东移,风速显著加大,风向呈气旋性弯曲,引起低层涡度增加,产生强的辐合上升运动。(2)低空急流的形成和移动与中层南支槽的关系较为密切,南支槽前的辐散为低空急流的形成提供了启动机制。(3)强降水天气出现在冷暖空气交汇的区域,锋生强迫作为暖湿气流上升的强迫机制之一,对强降水的形成起着不可忽视的作用。(4)水汽条件的分析表明,暴雨区的水汽主要由低层水汽辐合来提供。     

DISCREPANCY OF THE GLOBAL AIR MASS AND WATER BUDGETS AMONG 20 CMIP5 CLIMATE MODELS

The consistency of global atmospheric mass and water budget performance in 20 state-of-the-art ocean–atmosphere Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) coupled models has been assessed in a historical experiment. All the models realistically reproduce a climatological annual mean of global air mass (AM) close to the ERA-Interim AM during 1989–2005. Surprisingly, the global AM in half of the models shows nearly no seasonal variation, which does not agree with the seasonal processes of global precipitable water or water vapor, given the mass conservation constraint. To better understand the inconsistencies, we evaluated the seasonal cycles of global AM tendency and water vapor source (evaporation minus precipitation). The results suggest that the inconsistencies result from the poor balance between global AM tendency and water vapor source based on the global AM budget equation. Moreover, the cross-equatorial dry air mass ?ux, or hemispheric dry mass divergence, is not well represented in any of the 20 CMIP5 models, which show a poorly matched seasonal cycle and notably larger amplitude, compared with the hemispheric tendencies of dry AM in both the Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere. Pronounced erroneous estimations of tropical precipitation also occur in these models. We speculate that the large inaccuracy of precipitation and possibly evaporation in the tropics is one of the key factors for the inconsistent cross-equatorial mass ?ux. A reasonable cross-equatorial mass ?ux in well-balanced hemispheric air mass and moisture budgets remains a challenge for both reanalysis assimilation systems and climate modeling.     

高分五号热红外传感器多通道SST反演

2018-05高分五号（GF-5）卫星发射升空,其上搭载的全谱段成像仪在热红外8—13 μm谱段范围内具有4个温度反演通道（B09,B10,B11,B12）,空间分辨率设计优于40 m,在国内民用传感器领域实现了由单通道向多通道、中空间分辨率向高空间分辨率的跨越式突破,使得GF-5卫星热红外数据在地表热环境遥感领域具有极其重要应用价值。本研究基于GF-5的4个热红外通道的通道响应函数,利用全球742条TIGR（Thermodynamic Initial Guess Retrieval）探空廓线数据,进行不同观测角度、水汽含量和海表发射率条件下的MODTRAN4.0（Moderate resolution atmospheric Transmittance and Radiance code4.0)辐射传输过程模拟,基于模拟结果分别对两通道、三通道和四通道劈窗算法海表温度SST（ Sea Surface Temperature）反演系数进行修订,并分析观测角度、水汽含量和海表发射率对不同通道组合的精度影响,并通过GF-5卫星实际反演的SST结果进行验证。GF-5全谱段成像仪SST反演两通道劈窗算法组合共有6种,即B09-B10、B09-B11、B09-B12、B10-B11、B10-B12、B11-B12;三通道劈窗算法组合共有4种,即B09-B10-B11、B09-B10-B12、B09-B11-B12、B10-B11-B12;四通道劈窗算法组合1种,即B09-B10-B11-B12。通过对不同通道组合形式研究发现,水汽含量对SST反演精度有较大的影响,且温度反演的精度随着水汽含量的增加而降低;其次是观测角度,SST反演精度随着观测天顶角的增大而降低;最后是发射率的影响,两通道、三通道和四通道劈窗算法SST反演精度随着发射率的变化总体在0.1 K以内变化。最后以大亚湾核电站周围海域为验证区,用GF-5热红外遥感影像进行SST的反演并做误差分析,结果表明B09-B10通道SST反演实际误差为0.57 K,反演精度较高,实际误差与理论模拟误差相差0.24 K,差异的来源主要包括辐射定标和传感器噪声等要素影响,其他通道形式反演精度有待于传感器响应稳定后进一步验证。     

“96·8”特大暴雨和中尺度系统发展结构的非静力数值模拟

1996年8月3～5日(“96     

日本数值预报产品在MM5模式中的应用

针对目前中尺度数值模式MM5所用初始场局限于NCEP和T213的现状,提出了应用日本数值预报产品(JMA,下同)格点资料做初始场的想法,并对试验过程进行了介绍。对台风Ranan im(0414)登陆浙江的路径、移速、强度和降水等方面的数值模拟结果表明,应用了JMA资料的MM5模式在原有基础上提高了预报精度,尤其在台风登陆时间和登陆地点上提高更为明显。     

Estimating Sea-Level Allowances for Atlantic Canada using the Fifth Assessment Report of the IPCC

Abstract

Sea-level allowances at 22 tide-gauge sites along the east coast of Canada are determined based on projections of regional sea-level rise for the Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5) from the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC AR5) and on the statistics of historical tides and storm surges (storm tides). The allowances, which may be used for coastal infrastructure planning, increase with time during the twenty-first century through a combination of mean sea-level rise and the increased uncertainty of future projections with time. The allowances show significant spatial variation, mainly a consequence of strong regionally varying relative sea-level change as a result of glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA). A methodology is described for replacement of the GIA component of the AR5 projection with global positioning system (GPS) measurements of vertical crustal motion; this significantly decreases allowances in regions where the uncertainty of the GIA models is large. For RCP8.5 with GPS data incorporated and for the 1995–2100 period, the sea-level allowances range from about 0.5?m along the north shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence to more than 1?m along the coast of Nova Scotia and southern Newfoundland.     

Weak ENSO Asymmetry Due to Weak Nonlinear Air–Sea Interaction in CMIP5 Climate Models

State-of-the-art climate models have long-standing intrinsic biases that limit their simulation and projection capabilities.Significantly weak ENSO asymmetry and weakly nonlinear air–sea interaction over the tropical Pacific was found in CMIP5(Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, Phase 5) climate models compared with observation. The results suggest that a weak nonlinear air–sea interaction may play a role in the weak ENSO asymmetry. Moreover, a weak nonlinearity in air–sea interaction in the models may be associated with the biases in the mean climate—the cold biases in the equatorial central Pacific. The excessive cold tongue bias pushes the deep convection far west to the western Pacific warm pool region and suppresses its development in the central equatorial Pacific. The deep convection has difficulties in further moving to the eastern equatorial Pacific, especially during extreme El Ni o events, which confines the westerly wind anomaly to the western Pacific. This weakens the eastern Pacific El Ni o events, especially the extreme El Ni o events, and thus leads to the weakened ENSO asymmetry in climate models. An accurate mean state structure(especially a realistic cold tongue and deep convection) is critical to reproducing ENSO events in climate models. Our evaluation also revealed that ENSO statistics in CMIP5 climate models are slightly improved compared with those of CMIP3. The weak ENSO asymmetry in CMIP5 is closer to the observation. It is more evident in CMIP5 that strong ENSO activities are usually accompanied by strong ENSO asymmetry, and the diversity of ENSO amplitude is reduced.     

TritonX-100－5-Br-PADAP光度法测定铜和镍

研究了非离子型表面活性剂Ｔｒｉｔｏｎ Ｘ－ １００ 存在下,用５ － Ｂｒ － ＰＡＤＡＰ 光度法测定铜、镍的方法。结果表明：在ｐＨ９ ．０ 的硼砂缓冲介质中,５ － Ｂｒ － ＰＡＤＡＰ 与铜和镍生成紫红色络合物,λＣｕｍ ａｘ ＝ ５７５ ｎｍ ,εＣｕ ＝ １ ．０４ ×１０５ Ｌ·ｍｏｌ－ １·ｃｍ － １ ;λＮｉｍ ａｘ ＝ ５７５ ｎｍ ,εＮｉ ＝ １ ．１４ ×１０５ Ｌ·ｍｏｌ－ １·ｃｍ － １ 。铜和镍的质量浓度分别在０ ～５６０ μｇ／ Ｌ和０ ～４４０ μｇ／ Ｌ符合比尔定律。加入六偏磷酸钠后,由于偏磷酸镍的形成,镍不再与５ － Ｂｒ － ＰＡＤＡＰ 显色,可通过铜及铜镍总量的测定,计算出镍的含量。用该方法实测了钢样中铜和镍的含量,结果与推荐值相符,对铜和镍５ 次测定的ＲＳＤ均小于５ ％ 。     

欧亚大陆积雪覆盖率的模拟评估及未来情景预估

基于国际耦合模式比较计划第五阶段(CMIP5)历史模拟试验(historical run)的模式输出结果以及遥感数据,采用相关分析、均方根误差、标准差等统计方法,评估了13个气候(或地球)系统模式对欧亚大陆积雪覆盖率的模拟能力,在此基础上,采用多模式集合平均的方法对未来不同温室气体排放情景下(rcp2.6、rcp4.5和rcp8.5)欧亚大陆积雪覆盖率的变化进行预估。结果显示:尽管各模式模拟的积雪覆盖率在高原地区与观测差异较大,但总体看来模式能够对欧亚大陆积雪覆盖率的空间形态、季节变化及年际变化特征做出较好地模拟。未来预估结果表明,多模式集合平均预估的欧亚大陆积雪覆盖率从2006年到2040年左右减少趋势非常明显,且不同排放情景下模式模拟的积雪减少速率非常接近;然而,大约从2040年之后,不同排放情景下的积雪覆盖率减小趋势的差异越来越大,rcp2.6和rcp4.5下积雪覆盖率的变化趋于平缓,而rcp8.5情景下,积雪覆盖率一直减少,冬季、春季和秋季都明显减少,减少最显著的区域位于西欧和青藏高原地区。由此可见,控制温室气体的排放对于未来欧亚大陆积雪的变化是至关重要的。     

台风"云娜"(2004)近海加强的数值模拟研究

本文利用非静力平衡的中尺度模式MM5(V3)对2004年14号台风RANANIM("云娜")在登陆前近海加强及登陆初期的过程进行了54 h模拟,并加入人造台风优化初始场。结果表明:MM5能比较好地模拟出台风近海及登陆初期的移动路径及台风中心气压的变化。利用数值模拟结果,讨论了RANANIM(2004)台风在近海加强过程中的环流、动力和热力结构特征。发现在台风RANANIM近海加强的过程中对应有高空200 hPa净辐散场的存在,台风中心气压随净辐散值的增大而降低,反之亦然。净辐散值的减小对台风中心气压的快速升高有着预示的作用;垂直环流在强度和空间分布上发生了明显的变化。台风加强后,台风中心上方出现了明显的补偿性下沉气流;对流层低层存在明显的冷暖空气堆积,且当冷暖空气强度相当时有利于台风的增强;台风中心上方的正涡度柱逐渐发展为东西不对称分布,垂直方向上伸展高度保持不变或升高,而且在量值上也要更大。