Effects of Crustal Structure for Estimation of Vertical Load Deformation on the Solid Earth Using GRACE in China Mainland

When the inversion of vertical load deformation on Earth’s surface using GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) data, the load Love numbers based on PREM (Preliminary Reference Earth Model) are commonly used. But the crustal structure under China mainland especially under Tibet Plateau is quite different from that given by PREM Earth model. New load Love numbers were calculated based on a modified Earth model which accounted for regional crustal structure in China mainland. And the effect of regional crustal structure in China mainland for estimation of vertical load deformation on Earth’s surface using GRACE RL05 data was investigated in this paper. It is found that the effect of crustal difference is very prominent. The relative difference of load Love numbers for vertical deformation can reach about 11% at degree 90. The extreme value of difference in vertical load deformation below 90 degree of spherical harmonic coefficients located at the southeastern Tibet Plateau and the maximum relative difference reaches 10%. The relative difference of the root mean square is about 4%. It is suggesting that an Earth model with a more realistic crustal structue instead of PREM should be used for the estimation of vertical load deformation in China mainland espacially in Tibet Plateau.     

Lu–Hf and U–Pb isotope systematics of zircons from the Storgangen intrusion, Rogaland Intrusive Complex, SW Norway: implications for the composition and evolution of Precambrian lower crust in the Baltic Shield

The Storgangen orebody is a concordantly layered, sill-like body of ilmenite-rich norite, intruding anorthosites of the Rogaland Intrusive Complex (RIC), SW Norway. 17 zircon grains were separated from ca. 5 kg of sand-size flotation waste collected from the on-site repository from ilmenite mining. These zircons were analysed for major and trace elements by electron microprobe, and for U–Pb and Lu–Hf isotopes by laser ablation microprobe plasma source mass spectrometry. Eight of the zircons define a well-constrained (MSWD=0.37) concordant population with an age of 949±7 Ma, which is significantly older than the 920–930 Ma ages previously reported for zircon inclusions in orthopyroxene megacrysts from the RIC. The remaining zircons, interpreted as inherited grains, show a range of ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb ages up to 1407±14 Ma, with an upper intercept age at ca. 1520 Ma. The concordant zircons have similar trace element patterns, and a mean initial Hf isotope composition of ¹⁷⁶Hf/¹⁷⁷Hf_{949 Ma}=0.28223±5 (_Hf=+2±2). This is similar to the Hf-isotope composition of zircons in a range of post-tectonic Sveconorwegian granites from South Norway, and slightly more radiogenic than expected for mid-Proterozoic juvenile crust. The older, inherited zircons show Lu–Hf crustal residence ages in the range 1.85–2.04 Ga. One (undated) zircon plots well within the field of Hf isotope evolution of Paleoproterozoic rocks of the Baltic Shield. These findings indicate the presence of Paleoproterozoic components in the deep crust of the Rogaland area, but do not demonstrate that such rocks, or a Sveconorwegian mantle-derived component, contributed significantly to the petrogenesis of the RIC. If the parent magma was derived from a homogeneous, lower crustal mafic granulite source, the lower crustal protolith must be at least 1.5 Ga old, and it must have an elevated Rb/Sr ratio. This component would be indistinguishable in Sr, Nd and Hf isotopes from some intermediate mixtures between Sveconorwegian mantle and Paleoprotoerzoic felsic crust, but it cannot account for the initial ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd of the most primitive, late Sveconorwegian granite in the region, without the addition of mantle-derived material.     

Recent Process in Near-Space Gravity Wave Analysis Based on Satellite Measurements

This article focused on the research progress in the gravity wave analysis based on satellite measurements including MODIS, AIRS, AMSU, MLS, DNB, COSMIC,HIRDLS and SOFIE. Besides, a few ground-based observation results and numerical models were briefly introduced and some cases of joint applications of satellite observations with ground-based observations and numerical models in the gravity waves were listed. In general, the satellite remote sensing data play an important role in the study of the characteristics in near-space environment, which can be applied to analyze the scales of gravity waves induced by different sources, correlations between the instabilities and waves as well as their patterns, the impacts in the climate process, wave-wave interactions and wave-flow interactions with other data.     

赣东北朱溪铜钨矿区花岗闪长斑岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年及地质意义

赣东北朱溪超大型铜钨矿位于江南古岛弧带塔前—赋春成矿带中段,该矿床的发现可进一步验证"南钨北扩"观点并对"南钨北铜"格局提出挑战,但前人对与朱溪铜钨矿成矿作用有关的花岗岩缺少精确的年代学研究,导致对其地球动力学背景理解不够深入。本研究通过详细的野外调查、岩心编录和岩矿鉴定,并利用激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱(LA-ICP-MS)锆石U-Pb法对朱溪铜钨矿区侵入元古代双桥山岩群中的铜矿化花岗闪长斑岩进行测年,获得了锆石206Pb/238U加权平均年龄为847.2±9.4 Ma(MSWD=0.111),代表了其侵位结晶的年龄,属新元古代。分析认为:朱溪铜钨矿区铜矿化花岗闪长斑岩是新元古代早期华南古洋壳俯冲消减及扬子陆块与华夏陆块发生碰撞作用下的岩浆产物,这次岩浆活动与区域上塔前—赋春成矿带成矿作用关系密切,并为钦—杭成矿带提供了成矿物质基础。本次对其成岩年龄的限定,为研究朱溪超大型铜钨矿矿床提供了新证据。     

1996年8月8日闽西地区特大暴雨过程分析

本文研究了9601号热带风暴减弱为低压环流后引起突发性大暴雨的成因。结果表明：9610号热带风暴减弱后的低压环流移支福建省南部地区,造成闽西地区湿斜压锋区和不稳定能量明显增强,在低压西侧辐合线所提供的福合上升运动激发下,中尺度对流云团迅速发展,导致远离低压中心的闽西突发大暴雨。闽西特殊的地形对特大暴雨的产生起了组织和增幅作用。另外,还通过逐时数字红外云团图的分析,揭示中尺度对流云团发展演变特征与突发性大暴雨的关系,供日常短时预报参考。     

基于卫星遥感和地面观测资料的汾渭平原空气污染分析

选取中国汾渭平原地区作为研究对象,利用MODIS、OMI和CALIPSO多源卫星遥感资料,同时结合环境监测国控站点污染6要素等逐小时地面环境监测数据以及能见度、霾天气现象记录等地面气象要素资料,综合分析了2013—2018年秋冬季汾渭平原空气质量状况、气溶胶的组分,探讨了卫星遥感气溶胶光学厚度（Aerosol Optical Depth,AOD）与地面污染物浓度的关系,并结合中国气象局化学天气预报系统-EMI评估模式（CUACE-EMI）资料对气象条件和污染减排影响进行评估。结果表明：11个代表城市中有6个城市秋冬季有接近或超过一半的时刻处于污染状态,且污染发生时,各代表城市大多数时刻处于中度及其以上污染级别;三门峡、临汾、运城和西安是霾和重度霾高发的城市,其重度霾爆发频率高达11.63%—14.78%;汾渭平原秋冬季首要污染物为PM_2.5和PM₁₀,以污染沙尘、沙漠沙尘和烟尘为主,出现频率分别为36.24%、25.14%和22.96%;MODIS AOD与空气质量指数（Air Quality Index,AQI）、PM_2.5、PM₁₀质量浓度之间的相关系数分别为0.72、0.70和0.64;汾渭平原2018年气象条件的变化使PM_2.5浓度较2013年、2014年、2015年、2016年和2017年同期上升了17.06%、1.58%、4.34%、11.25%和5.75%,减排措施使PM_2.5浓度较2013年、2014年、2015年、2016年和2017年同期分别下降了8.74%、28.01%、4.93%、3.16%和42.62%。     

Trans-Arctic shipping routes expanding faster than the model projections

Rapid declines in Arctic sea ice coverage over the past four decades have increased the commercial feasibility of trans-Arctic routes. However, the historical changes in navigability of trans-Arctic routes remain unclear, and projections by global circulation models (GCMs) contain large uncertainties since they cannot simulate long-term Arctic sea ice changes. In this study, we determined the changes in trans-Arctic routes from 1979 to 2019 by combining two harmonized high-quality daily sea ice products. We found that the trans-Arctic routes are becoming navigable much faster than projected by the GCMs. The navigation season for open water (OW) vessels along the Northeast Passage (NEP) has lengthened from occasionally navigable in the 1980 s to 92 ± 15 days in the 2010 s. In contrast, previous GCM projections have suggested that navigability would not be achieved until the mid-21st century. The 90-day safety shipping area for OW vessels expanded by 35% during 1979–2018, reaching 8.28 million km² in 2018, indicating an increasing rate of 0.08 ± 0.01 million km² per year. The shortest trans-Arctic routes were also shifted further north than the model projections. Regular ships have been able to safely travel north along the islands in the NEP and transit through the M’Clure Strait in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago during the 2010 s, while previous studies have projected that this would not be feasible until the mid-21st century. We also found that the improved navigability of trans-Arctic routes enables commercial ships to transport approximately 33–66% (at the same load factor) more goods from East Asia to Europe during the Arctic shipping season than by the traditional Suez Canal route. These findings highlight the need for aggressive actions to develop mandatory rules that promote navigation safety and strengthen environmental protection in the Arctic.     

基于CALIPSO卫星资料的京津冀地区MODIS卷云云顶高度订正

卷云在大气辐射中扮演着重要角色,对天气系统和气候变化产生重要影响。相比传统地基观测手段,卫星遥感更容易探测到高层卷云的信息,本文利用CALIOP主动遥感仪器可获取较为准确的薄卷云特性的特点,针对MODIS被动遥感探测器反演的薄卷云云顶高度的偏差开展订正研究。研究选取2013～2017年京津冀地区MODIS云产品,结合CALIPSO卫星的卷云云顶高度数据,基于交叉验证的方法得到线性拟合方案,对MODIS卷云云顶高度进行订正。订正后的MODIS与CALIPSO卷云云顶高度差值的分布区间由?3～2 km变为?2.0～2.5 km,峰值由?0.8 km左右变为0.2 km左右。订正效果随云顶高度和云光学厚度的不同有所变化,其中较低层卷云和光学薄卷云的订正效果更明显。     

北斗卫星通信在应急自动气象站中的应用

为了能够在发生灾难事故时进行紧急通信,应急自动气象站采用了北斗卫星导航定位系统的简短通信技术。在北斗卫星通信方式设计过程中,采取压缩数据包长度、主动传输+失败应答通信模式、对通信终端采取休眠工作等方式,在保证数据传输质量的同时减少不必要的通信次数,降低系统功耗,延长工作时间。研究结果表明,采用本文的通信设计,可以实现:1)将数据包长度压缩60%,满足了北斗卫星短信包的长度要求。2)兼顾解决了数据完整性问题和通信资费问题,在正常工作状态下采用自动定时传输模式节约通信资费;在通信失败的情况下采用主从应答通信模式,通过向自动气象站发出数据补收命令,及时取得丢失的数据。3)有效地降低了系统的功耗,通信终端平均功耗下降了10%。     

A New Scheme for Predicting Leaf Onset in Summer-Green Vegetation in the Northern Hemisphere

A modified thermal time model(MTM) was developed to reproduce the leaf onset for summer-green vegetation in the Northern Hemisphere. The model adopts the basic concept of a thermal time model(TM) in that leaf onset is primarily triggered by growing degree days(GDD). Based on global phenology data derived from satellite observations, a new parameterization for the critical model parameter Tb(i.e., baseline temperature for GDD calculation) has been introduced, and the spatial distribution of Tb was calculated. Simulations of leaf onset during 1982–2000 in the range 30–90°N showed a significant improvement of MTM over the standard TM model with constant Tb. The mean error and mean absolute error of the climatological simulation were 1.11 and 6.8 days, respectively, and 90% of the model error(5th and 95 th percentiles) was between-12.4 and 13.7 days.