Large-Scale Errors in ERS Altimeter Data

A method is described for mapping time-uncorrelated large-scale errors in satellite altimeter sea surface heights. Standard deviations of differences between pairs of successive measurements at track crossovers are computed, and the functional dependence of these deviations on absolute time difference is used to estimate the errors of individual measurements. This is first applied to all of ERS-1,2 altimeter data in the Pacific Ocean, yielding average errors of 3.2 cm in the deep ocean (>1 km) and 4.7 cm in the shallow seas (<1 km). The procedure is repeated for variable latitude bands, each with a full range of possible time differences, yielding a meridional profile of computed errors, ranging from 2.6 cm near the Antarctic continent (67–60S) and South Subtropical regions (25–5S) to 3.5 cm in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (60–45S) and the Northern Hemisphere Subtropical and Subpolar Gyres. Finally, coarse-resolution maps of these errors are produced by subdividing the Pacific Ocean into latitude-longitude bins, each large enough to contain a sufficient number of samples for the functional fits. The larger errors are in Northwest and Subtropical Pacific, especially in South China Sea (4.3 to 4.5 cm) and off northern Australia (5.4 cm), while the smaller errors (2.5 to 3 cm) are in Northeast Pacific, central Tropical Pacific and near Antarctica in Southeast Pacific Ocean. These are lower bounds on altimeter errors, as they do not include contributions from time-correlated errors. We find that the computed error fields are not correlated with sea level standard deviations, thus disproving the notion that altimeter error variance can be scaled with the variance of sea surface height data.     

The Role of Multi-Mission ERS Altimetry in the Determination of the Marine Geoid in the Azores

This study concerns the determination of a regional geoid model in the North Atlantic area surrounding the Azores islands by combining multi-mission altimetry from the ERS (European Remote Sensing) satellites and surface gravity data. A high resolution mean sea surface, named AZOMSS99, has been derived using altimeter data from ERS-1 and ERS-2 35-day cycles, spanning a period of about four years, and from ERS-1 geodetic mission. Special attention has been paid to data processing of points around the islands due to land contamination on some of the geophysical corrections. A gravimetric geoid has been computed from all available surface gravity, including land and sea observations acquired during an observation campaign that took place in the Azores in October 1997 in the scope of a European and a Portuguese project. Free air gravity anomalies were derived by altimetric inversion of the mean sea surface heights. These were used to fill the large gaps in the surface gravity and combined solutions were computed using both types of data. The gravimetric and combined solutions have been compared with the mean sea surface and GPS (Global Positioning System)-levelling derived geoid undulations in five islands. It is shown that the inclusion of altimeter data improves geoid accuracy by about one order of magnitude. Combined geoid solutions have been obtained with an accuracy of better than one decimetre.     

FG5／240绝对重力仪成套设备的检定测量分析

详细介绍了FG5/240绝对重力仪的技术特点、测量原理和白家疃的试验观测,并就相配套的用于测量梯度的2台CG5相对重力仪(442、444)的检定项目和结果进行说明和分析,结果表明:2台CG5相对重力仪完全满足规范要求,FG5/240绝对重力仪的试验测量结果的标准偏差优于±2.0×10-8 ms-2,能够用于陆态网络工程任务中部分基准站的绝对重力测量。     

星基增强系统在海上探测作业中的应用

传统的单点实时定位简单灵活,但精度低,一般的差分定位需要布设基站,作用距离短。广域精密单点定位技术恰好集成了普通单点定位和差分定位的优点,克服了各自的缺点。通过星基增强系统的卫星信号代替地面GPS基准站的差分信号的方法进行海上探测作业,提高了作业效率,进一步证实了此方法的有效性。     

基于遥感和像元二分模型的内蒙古正蓝旗植被覆盖度格局和动态变化

以内蒙古锡林郭勒盟正蓝旗为研究区,应用中国环境与灾害监测预报小卫星数据(HJ-1A CCD)及美国陆地卫星数据(Landsat ETM+),在充分考虑区域土壤和植被类型等背景基础上,先后使用了MNF、二维散点制图以及PPI方法,得到具有时空针对性的纯净像元;以此为基础,运用像元二分模型计算得到研究区植被覆盖度空间分布数据;最后,结合研究区其它权威土地覆被和土地利用(LUCC)数据,对比分析了本研究所得的植被覆盖度数据精度,评价了2000~2009年间区域植被覆盖度动态变化过程,指出本区在实施有关生态工程后植被覆盖度恶化趋势得到遏制。研究结果证明,在锡林郭勒盟正蓝旗地区应用像元二分模型计算植被覆盖度的方法是简洁且有效的。     

面向多应用系统的位置公共服务(LBCS)模式研究与平台设计

当前的LBS应用系统多采用独立构建方式,将LBS通用服务功能与应用系统相关功能集成,使系统内部耦合程度较高,虽然能够保证应用系统的完整性,但导致LBS通用服务功能难以共享,造成系统的扩展性差以及数据、计算资源的浪费。该文探索了面向多应用系统的位置公共服务(LBCS)的服务模式与系统体系结构。基于这种服务模式,位置服务系统将由两大部件构成:LBS公共服务平台和专业应用系统,且LBS公共服务平台能被多个应用系统使用。     

Detailed gravity studies over Jabera — Damoh region of the Vindhyan basin (Central India) and crustal evolution

Vindhyan Basin of Central India situated just north of SONATA rift zone, forms one of the major geotectonic segment of the Indian subcontinent which is associated with complex thermo-tectonic history. Southern part of this basin is known to contain favorable conditions for hydrocarbon entrapment. Keeping this in view, a detailed gravity survey network comprising 40 gravity bases and 1500 data points in an area of about 110 × 100 km² was planned in and around Jabera-Damoh region. Analysis of Bouguer and free air gravity anomaly maps, prepared using fractal based gridding method, indicates presence of two sedimentary basins (Jabera and Damoh) faulted on either sides beside ridge like features. However, well-known Jabera domal structure appeared to be a shallow feature only. Inversion of gravity data further reveals presence of 5 to 6 km thick Vindhyan sediments in the Jabera basin which are underlain by Mahakoshal/Bijawar group of rocks, resting directly over the lower crust, thereby indicating almost total absence of granitic crust from this region. It appears that due to an underlying thermal anomaly, the entire region may have been subjected to sustained uplift, deformation, erosion and consequent crustal extension during early to mid Proterozoics which brought high velocity mafic crust to such shallow levels.     

从地震看重力侧向滑动构造与油气——兼论马西逆同生断层不是反转构造

重力构造作用分为侧向运动和垂向运动两大类。以渤海湾盆地及准噶尔盆地中的构造为实例,介绍了重力侧向滑动的六种构造样式,包括滑动断阶、逆牵引背斜、地层补偿堑背斜、滑落背斜、滑覆构造(逆同生断层)、推滑覆构造等。对其形成背景和形成机制逐一进行了分析,指明了这些构造的含油气潜力。这六种构造样式均可形成有利的油气圈闭,在勘探中应予以足够的重视。特别指出冀中坳陷马西逆同生断层不属于反转构造,而是由重力作用所产生的滑动推挤所致,为一典型的滑覆构造。     

白令海冰间湖的数值模拟及影响模拟准确度的关键因素

冬季在北白令海陆架区域频繁地出现潜热冰间湖,对当地的生态系统和北极盐跃层贡献很大.将CICE海冰模式应用到该区域,采用高分辨率(6.37 km)网格,模拟2002年11月至2003年4月的海冰变化过程,模拟的海冰总面积和海冰密集度与AMSR-E/Aqua卫星遥感结果吻合很好,其中两者日平均海冰总面积在模拟期间的相关系数达到0.97.模拟结果表明,东北风将海冰向南输运在东西走向的海岸南部形成冰间湖,反映了潜热冰间湖形成和演化的动力过程.对卫星观测数据,将海冰密集度<75%作为冰间湖的判据;而对数值模拟结果,确定海冰密集度<70%为冰间湖的判据.据此讨论白令海4个区域的冰间湖形成过程,与卫星数据进行比较,大部分冰间湖得到很好的模拟.深入讨论了影响冰间湖模拟准确度的主要因素,认为选用恰当的阈值、提高气象强迫场的空间和时间分辨率有助于提高模拟效果.对部分海域的冰间湖模拟效果不佳,需要发展冰海耦合模式才能最终解决.     

冻土遥感研究进展:被动微波遥感

多年冻土和季节冻土分别占北半球裸露地表的24%和55%.近地表土壤冻融的范围、冻结起始日期、持续时间及冻融深度对寒季/寒区植物生长、大气与土壤间能量、水分及温室气体交换都具有极其重要的影响.自20世纪70年代以来,应用卫星遥感结合地面观测资料研究局地到区域尺度的季节冻土和多年冻土已取得诸多成果,而遥感在冻土研究中的最直接应用是利用微波探测近地表土壤冻融状态.相对于主动sAR,星载被动微波传感器具有多通道观测且重访周期较高,空间分辨率很低的特点.重点评述了近几十年来被动微波辐射计在冻土研究中的算法发展及其应用前景,主要包括双指标算法、时间序列变化检测算法及判别树算法3类,其核心均是基于冻土的低温特征和"体散射变暗"效应.发展可靠实用的微波遥感土壤冻融状态判别算法,提供区域和全球尺度上的土壤冻融状态信息,对水文学、气象学以及农业科学、工程地质研究与应用都具有重要意义.