梅雨锋云系的模态研究I：主导模态

利用经验正交函数（EOF）分解方法,对1998～2008年梅雨活跃期共16次过程每3 h间隔的静止卫星云顶亮温（也称相当黑体亮度温度,即Black Body Temperature,以下简称TBB）的距平场进行计算,获得了梅雨锋云系的主要模态。经检验,前7个模态为独立模态,方差贡献分别为7.78%、5.83%、5.20%、4.27%、4.19%、3.62%和3.36%。这7个独立模态反映梅雨期间云系主要的异常特征。各模态相似云图中的云系与气候态相比出现位置偏移与形状变化,表明梅雨锋云系随主导环流系统的演变而发生断裂、减弱、消散、重建的过程。从各模态相应的大气环流配置来看,气候态梅雨锋云系对应的大气环流为三阻型梅雨形势。另外7个主导模态的大气环流基本可以划分为两类,一类为阻塞高压型,中高纬地区存在阻塞高压活动,在第2模态正位相,第4模态负位相,第5模态正位相和第6模态正、负位相以及第7模态正位相对应的500 hPa环流形势上都可以看到这一特点;另一类为槽脊型,中高纬地区阻塞高压活动不明显,等高线为一槽两脊或两槽一脊型分布,与这种环流形势相关的模态有第1模态正、负位相,第2模态负位相,第3模态负位相,第4模态正位相,第5模态负位相和第7模态负位相。     

两种功率倒置阵列天线调零模型的等效性分析

在对卫星导航接收系统中两种常见的功率倒置阵列天线调零模型：基于参考信号的最小均方误差模型和线性约束条件下的最小功率模型,利用分块矩阵求逆特性从理论上证明了这两种模型之间的等效性,并针对不同模型的特点指出了这两种模型各自不同的应用场合,通过仿真对理论分析的有效性进行了验证,从而为卫星导航接收系统中的抗干扰调零天线的理论建模、仿真设计和实际应用提供了新的参考。     

天绘一号卫星图像处理方法及应用研究

天绘一号卫星和资源三号卫星具备提供实时、大范围、经济、高分辨率的遥感卫星影像能力,有效解决了国家1∶50 000数据库动态更新工程覆盖区域大、更新周期短、现势性要求高等问题,为国家基础测绘节约了大量资金。本文对天绘一号卫星图像处理方法及应用进行了相关探讨。     

基于Extrapolation Tikhonov正则化算法的重力数据三维约束反演

通过研究重力数据三维反演解的病态性,利用基于拉格朗日插值方法的Extrapolation Tikhonov正则化方法来解决反演中解的不唯一性和不稳定性问题,该方法最大限度的减少了因正则化参数的引入而在反演结果中介入的误差,同时详细讨论了基于三种选择原则的正则化双参数的具体选择方法,模型试算结果表明,与原Tikhonov方法相比,该方法提高了反演的拟合精度.其次,为了消除核函数随深度增加而快速衰减对反演结果的影响,本文改进了前人的重力数据三维反演深度加权函数,改进后的加权函数与原函数相比能更好的识别异常体底部密度分布特征,对于埋深较深的异常体具有较好的识别效果,更好的解决了由近地面趋肤效应作用引起的密度分布不均的问题.同时,利用上下限约束函数限制每一个立方体的密度差范围,并应用于多组人工合成模型.结果表明:该反演方法能准确地获得正演模型的预设参数范围和位置.     

龙门山造山带及邻区重力场特征与动力学响应数值模拟

龙门山造山带重力场研究表明它处于不均衡的状态,为此,构建了横贯松潘-甘孜块体、龙门山造山带和四川盆地的二维剖面的数值模型,采用黏弹性模型对重力场响应对研究区构造演化过程及动力学效应进行探讨.研究结果表明:(1)重力均衡调整导致了深部物质的垂向复杂动力学响应.在印度板块碰撞挤压效应与青藏高原东缘重力势能差的共同作用下,使得高原东缘深部物质在龙门山深处向东运移时潜入地幔,构成了青藏高原物质向东运移的另一种补偿方式;(2)流变结构及应变能的计算结果表明,龙门山上、中地壳层能量集中危险度较高的地段与汶川大震的孕震及发震方式基本一致,龙门山两侧介质属性、构造格局和流变属性的差异对汶川大地震的孕育和发生均起到了重要作用;(3)进一步开展由包含地表剥蚀的重力均衡调整效应与挤压缩短共同作用下的动力学模型,可以为合理地解释龙门山及周缘地带动力学响应提供重要的参考依据.     

Fragility functions of blockwork wharves using artificial neural networks

The use of artificial neural networks in the general framework of a performance-based seismic vulnerability evaluation for earth retaining structures is presented. A blockwork wharf-foundation-backfill complex is modeled with advanced nonlinear 2D finite difference software, wherein liquefaction occurrence is explicitly accounted for. A simulation algorithm is adopted to sample geotechnical input parameters according to their statistical distribution, and extensive time histories analyses are then performed for several earthquake intensity levels. In the process, the seismic input is also considered as a random variable. A large dataset of virtual realizations of the behavior of different configurations under recorded ground motions is thus obtained, and an artificial neural network is implemented in order to find the unknown nonlinear relationships between seismic and geotechnical input data versus the expected performance of the facility. After this process, fragility curves are systematically derived by applying Monte Carlo simulation on the obtained correlations. The novel fragility functions herein proposed for blockwork wharves take into account different geometries, liquefaction occurrence and type of failure mechanism. Results confirm that the detrimental effects of liquefaction increase the probability of failure at all damage states. Moreover, it is also demonstrated that increasing the base width/height ratio results in higher failure probabilities for the horizontal sliding than for the tilting towards the sea.     

Dynamics of convective dissolution from a migrating current of carbon dioxide

During geologic storage of carbon dioxide (CO₂), trapping of the buoyant CO₂ after injection is essential in order to minimize the risk of leakage into shallower formations through a fracture or abandoned well. Models for the subsurface behavior of the CO₂ are useful for the design, implementation, and long-term monitoring of injection sites, but traditional reservoir-simulation tools are currently unable to resolve the impact of small-scale trapping processes on fluid flow at the scale of a geologic basin. Here, we study the impact of solubility trapping from convective dissolution on the up-dip migration of a buoyant gravity current in a sloping aquifer. To do so, we conduct high-resolution numerical simulations of the gravity current that forms from a pair of miscible analogue fluids. Our simulations fully resolve the dense, sinking fingers that drive the convective dissolution process. We analyze the dynamics of the dissolution flux along the moving CO₂–brine interface, including its decay as dissolved buoyant fluid accumulates beneath the buoyant current. We show that the dynamics of the dissolution flux and the macroscopic features of the migrating current can be captured with an upscaled sharp-interface model.     

一种转发式卫星授时新方法

为了减少对GPS提供的高精度授时服务的依赖,建设拥有自主知识产权的且具有投入成本低、精度高的授时系统。提出了一种利用地面高稳定度原子钟作为时频基准,通过通信卫星转发实现卫星广播授时的新方法。详细研究了利用地面高稳定度原子钟和通信卫星组成的导航星座进行多星授时、单星授时的原理和测量方法,分析研究了影响授时精度的原因。由于转发式卫星授时系统的时频基准源稳定度高,其测距精度也会相应的提高。只要精确扣除时延误差,同样可以实现高精度授时。粗码的授时精度可达20ns以内,短精码的授时精度可达10ns左右。总之该系统具有组建灵活简便、应用面广等优势和特色。     

Implicit structural inversion of gravity data using linear programming,a validation study*

In this study, a regional scale gravity data set has been inverted to infer the structure (topography) of the top of the basement underlying sub‐horizontal strata. We apply our method to this real data set for further proof of concept, validation and benchmarking against results from an earlier forward modelling done elsewhere. Our aim is to carry out implicit structural inversion, i.e., to obtain a geologically reasonable model, without specifically solving for structure. The 2.5D volume of interest is parametrized with homogeneous horizontal prisms and a two‐lithology medium is assumed. A possible regional linear trend and a general floating reference are also inverted for. Using a gridded parametrization, linear programming is used to minimize the L₁ ‐norm of the data misfit, relative to a floating reference. Given a known density contrast between the lithologies, an inversion using linear programming has the intrinsic advantage that a relatively sharp image of the sub‐surface is retrieved instead of a smooth one. The model recovered is almost bi‐modal and its general features seem to be robust with respect to several parametrization scenarios investigated. The floating reference and a linear trend in the data were also retrieved simultaneously. The inversion results, indicating two depressions in the basement, are robust and agree with those obtained earlier based upon detailed 2D forward modelling using many narrow, near‐vertical prisms.     

Dynamic Variations of the Gravity Field before and after the M5. 1 Wen’an Earthquake in Hebei Province

In order to explore the abnormal variations before and after the Wen'an M5. 1 earthquake on July 4, 2006, the gravity data observed by the Wenba Gravity Observation Network before and after the earthquake was analyzed. The relationships between gravity change and vertical displacement and shallow groundwater level were discussed, and elevation correction of the gravity was preliminarily performed. The results show that there were abnormal gravity changes before the M5. 1 earthquake, which appeared as gravity rising in the whole observation network, especially in the south part. A high gradient of gravity variation appeared around the epicenter before the M5. 1 earthquake, especially during the short period between October 2005 to April 2006. The boundary of the positive and negative gravity variations gradually deflected and began to recover from October 2007.