Monitoring drought dynamics in the Aravalli region (India) using different indices based on ground and remote sensing data

The hard-rock hilly Aravalli terrain of Rajasthan province of India suffers with frequent drought due to poor and delayed monsoon, abnormally high summer-temperature and insufficient water resources. In the present study, detailed analysis of meteorological and hydrological data of the Aravalli region has been carried out for the years 1984–2003. Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) has been used to quantify the precipitation deficit. Standardised Water-Level Index (SWI) has been developed to assess ground-water recharge-deficit. Vegetative drought indices like Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) and Temperature Condition Index (TCI) and Vegetation Health Index (VHI) have been computed using NDVI values obtained from Global Vegetation Index (GVI) and thermal channel data of NOAA AVHRR satellite. Detailed analyses of spatial and temporal drought dynamics during monsoon and non-monsoon seasons have been carried out through drought index maps generated in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) environment. Analysis and interpretation of these maps reveal that negative SPI anomalies not always correspond to drought. In the Aravalli region, aquifer-stress shifts its position time to time, and in certain pockets it is more frequent. In comparison to hydrological stress, vegetative stress in the Aravalli region is found to be slower to begin but quicker to withdraw.     

SWI在早期脑出血及出血性脑梗死的应用价值

目的:探讨磁共振磁敏感加权成像(SWI)对超急性期脑出血和急性出血性脑梗死的诊断价值。方法:收集我院2010年2月~2011年11月超急性期脑出血患者25例,平均年龄58岁,发病时间均在6h以内;急性出血性脑梗死患者22例,平均年龄54岁,发病时间在24h以内。磁共振检查采用GESigna1.5THDMR系统,头颅8通道线圈。行常规T1WI、T2WI、FLAIR、DWI序列扫描,每个病例均加扫SWI序列。结果:25例脑出血病例中20例在T2WI上病灶周边可见到低信号环,显示率为80%。T1WI、T2FLAIR及DWI序列无特征表现提示出血。在SWI上均可见到低信号,显示率为100%,且显示的范围更大、更明显;22例出血性脑梗死病例中2例在T1WI内可见到轻微高信号,显示率约为9%。T2WI、T2FLAIR及DWI序列对出血性脑梗死没有特征性表现。SWI序列显示22例梗死区内均可见点片状不均匀低信号,显示率达到100%。结论:SWI序列较常规MRI序列对诊断早期脑卒中的类型和及早检测出脑梗死出血性转化有更大帮助,对临床治疗有重要指导意义。     

基岩海岛地下水与海水相互作用研究

中国北方基岩海岛水文地质条件独特,气候变化和人类活动不同程度地影响着海岛地下水与海水相互作用过程,然而对包括海水入侵（SWI）和海底地下水排泄（SGD）的水文过程的定量认识比较缺乏。本研究基于2012—2016年我国北方某基岩群岛降水、地下水水位、水质动态监测数据,运用数理统计、空间插值和水力学方法,分析了基岩海岛地下水与海水相互作用的特征和影响因素。结果表明,降水和开采是影响地下水、海水相互作用的主要因素,地下水水位变化滞后于降水事件约10 d;南岛东北岸、南岸的大部分地区没有发生海水入侵,地下水向海排泄过程较稳定,2012—2016年SGD速率均值为0.2 m/d,向海NO3-N通量均值为81.8 mmol/（m2·d）;北岛东南地区是海水入侵的严重区域,地下水水位长期低于海平面且逐年下降,2012—2016年SWI速率均值为0.3 m/d,向陆NO3-N通量均值为69.6 mmol/（m2·d）。分别计算南、北两岛枯水季（2014年4月）、丰水季（2013年9月）SGD水量,北岛SGD水量为3.5×104~4.5×104 m3/d,南岛SGD水量为0.4×104~1.1×104 m3/d。相关结果可为基岩海岛地下水资源管理和生态环境保护提供重要参考。     

生物扰动下海底沉积物-水界面溶解氧二维观测方法

沉积物-水界面(SWI)是生物地球化学循环的主要界面,界面上溶解氧(DO)的分布实时测量对于了解生物扰动的复杂作用和生物地球化学循环过程有着重要意义。为了探索生物扰动作用对SWI微尺度溶解氧二维分布的影响作用,本文以八乙基卟啉铂为荧光指示剂,掺杂香豆素(Macrolex Yellow10GN)作为荧光素能量供体,以聚苯乙烯为基质制作了光学平面传感膜。以发光二极管(LED)为激励光源,结合彩色相机,构建了基于比率法的二维溶解氧观测系统,系统能够以0.36 mm的空间分辨率对SWI的溶解氧分布连续观测,实验室内的模拟实验结果表明,底栖沙蚕掘穴扰动可使局部沉积物溶解氧质量比提高3~4?g/g。该研究填补了国内基于比率法的平面光学溶解氧传感器研究领域的空白。     

Mapping waterholes and testing for aridity using a remote sensing water index in a southern African semi-arid wildlife area

Abstract

Waterholes are a key resource that influences wildlife distribution in semi-arid ecosystems. Mapping waterholes can guide intervening decisions for supplementing water resources and managing wildlife distribution patterns. Although remote sensing provides a key to mapping distribution of waterholes, efficiency of existing remotely sensed methods for detecting waterholes have to be evaluated and even new ones developed. In this study, we evaluated performance of the Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI) and Superfine Water Index (SWI) at selected optimum thresholds. Kappa results indicated that MNDWI detects waterholes better than SWI. We further validated MNDWI detected waterholes by testing response of waterhole area to temporal rainfall variability and waterhole persistence to spatial rainfall variability. Extent of MNDWI-detected waterholes varied in relation to temporal rainfall variability (p < 0.05). Waterhole persistence was not associated with spatial rainfall variability which could be explained by differences in waterhole types or low spatial rainfall variability.     

APEC前后北京几次静稳天气边界层特征对比分析

对北京地区2014年11月3-11日APEC会议期间的大气扩散条件与2014年10月的4次雾-霾过程进行对比分析,表明APEC会议期间静稳天气指数略低于10月4次过程,具备一定的污染物积累潜势。数值模拟结果表明,对北京及周边地区污染排放的控制是APEC期间北京保持低水平气溶胶浓度的重要原因。周边地区污染物传输以及特殊地形条件下山谷风环流的日变化对北京地区污染物浓度的区域分布及演变有重要影响,夜间地形北风对近地面污染物有明显清除作用。相较于重污染天气,APEC期间气溶胶浓度低,温度效应小,山谷风环流明显,同时白天混合层高度上升幅度大,有利于污染物扩散。减排使气溶胶浓度减小,而低浓度气溶胶又使污染扩散条件进一步好转的相互反馈作用,是"APEC蓝"出现的主要原因。