基于特征点修正的SRTM数据在风能资源微观评估中的应用

在风能资源微观评估中,高精度地形数据通常较难获取,寻找一种可替代数据尤为重要。本文以全球免费共享的SRTM数据(90m水平分辨率)为地形数据源,利用风图谱分析及应用程序(WAsP)作为风资源评估工具,对广东遮浪岛区域进行了定点风能资源评估。通过将评估结果与1:5千地形数据条件下的结果进行对比,分析了SRTM数据用于风能资源微观评估的精度。接着,本文提出了地形数据的特征点修正方法,利用该方法处理后的SRTM数据,平均风速在两种不同地形数据源下的相对误差由10%降为5%,使得修正后的SRTM数据可适用于风能资源微观评估。     

基于SRTM的重砂矿化信息提取方法——以中甸地区为例

本文对可覆盖我国全境的3 arc.s(～90 m)SRTM数据进行重砂矿化信息提取方面应用前景分析,解释了SRTM数据来源、精度、数据类型及预处理方法,认为SRTM3数据的精度可以初步满足1:5万～1:100万尺度成矿预测的需要.在GIS中进行了中甸地区汇水盆地的自动提取,结果与基于地形图人工绘制的基本相同,大大提高了工作效率.在GIS中以汇水盆地为单元进行重砂矿物异常的取值,对于中甸地区斑岩型铜矿床的找矿预测,包含成矿元素及伴生元素Cu、Au、Ag、Pb、Zn的重砂矿物对找矿具有直接的指示意义,各矿物分类中各种矿物的组合越复杂、含量越高,其指示矿化存在的意义越大,以此可做为异常综合评价的准则.在GIS中基于该预测评价准则采用模糊逻辑模型进行了异常的综合,完成了模糊成员权重赋值和重砂矿物示矿综合模糊推理网络构建,计算得到的汇水盆地重砂综合异常图很好地反应了已知矿区的分布,并提供了较多的新异常区,为与其他学科关联的综合分析和野外检查提供了方便.因为夕卡岩型铜矿品位相对高、富矿多、矿物组合相对复杂,且红山矿床剥蚀程度相对较高,因此模糊示矿概率高.该区要寻找斑岩型铜矿,具有中级模糊示矿概率(0.5～0.8)的汇水盆地异常要引起重视.经野外检查,发现普上和地苏嘎两处斑岩型铜矿的矿化新区.     

Evaluation of ASTER GDEM and SRTM and their suitability in hydraulic modelling of a glacial lake outburst flood in southeast Tibet

The resolution and accuracy of digital elevation models (DEMs) can affect the hydraulic simulation results for predicting the effects of glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs). However, for the Tibetan Plateau, high‐quality DEM data are often not available, leaving researchers with near‐global, freely available DEMs, such as the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer Global Digital Elevation Model (ASTER GDEM) and the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission data (SRTM) for hydraulic modelling. This study explores the suitability of these two freely available DEMs for hydraulic modelling of GLOFs. Our study focused on the flood plain of a potentially dangerous glacial lake in southeastern Tibet, to evaluate the elevation accuracy of ASTER GDEM and SRTM, and their suitability for hydraulic modelling of GLOFs. The elevation accuracies of ASTER GDEM and SRTM were first validated against field global position system (GPS) survey points, and then evaluated with reference to the relatively high precision of 1:50 000 scale DEM (DEM5) constructed from aerial photography. Moreover, the DEM5, ASTER GDEM and SRTM were used as basic topographic data to simulate peak discharge propagation, as well as flood inundation extent and depth in the Hydrologic Engineering Center's River Analysis System one‐dimensional hydraulic model. Results of the three DEM predictions were compared to evaluate the suitability of ASTER GDEM and SRTM for GLOF hydraulic modelling. Comparisons of ASTER GDEM and SRTM each with DEM5 in the flood plain area show root‐mean‐square errors between the former two as ± 15·4 m and between the latter two as ± 13·5 m. Although SRTM overestimates and ASTER GDEM underestimates valley floor elevations, both DEMs can be used to extract the elevations of required geometric data, i.e. stream centre lines, bank lines and cross sections, for flood modelling. However, small errors still exist in the cross sections that may influence the propagation of peak discharge. The flood inundation extent and mean water depths derived from ASTER GDEM predictions are only 2·2% larger and 2·3‐m deeper than that of the DEM5 predictions, whereas the SRTM yields a flood zone extent 6·8% larger than the DEM5 prediction and a mean water depth 2·4‐m shallower than the DEM5 prediction. The modelling shows that, in the absence of high‐precision DEM data, ASTER GDEM or SRTM DEM can be relied on for simulating extreme GLOFs in southeast Tibet. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Uncertainty of soil erosion modelling using open source high resolution and aggregated DEMs

Digital Elevation Model (DEM) is one of the important parameters for soil erosion assessment. Notable uncertainties are observed in this study while using three high resolution open source DEMs. The Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model has been applied to analysis the assessment of soil erosion uncertainty using open source DEMs (SRTM, ASTER and CARTOSAT) and their increasing grid space (pixel size) from the actual. The study area is a part of the Narmada river basin in Madhya Pradesh state, which is located in the central part of India and the area covered 20,558 km². The actual resolution of DEMs is 30 m and their increasing grid spaces are taken as 90, 150, 210, 270 and 330 m for this study. Vertical accuracy of DEMs has been assessed using actual heights of the sample points that have been taken considering planimetric survey based map (toposheet). Elevations of DEMs are converted to the same vertical datum from WGS 84 to MSL (Mean Sea Level), before the accuracy assessment and modelling. Results indicate that the accuracy of the SRTM DEM with the RMSE of 13.31, 14.51, and 18.19 m in 30, 150 and 330 m resolution respectively, is better than the ASTER and the CARTOSAT DEMs. When the grid space of the DEMs increases, the accuracy of the elevation and calculated soil erosion decreases. This study presents a potential uncertainty introduced by open source high resolution DEMs in the accuracy of the soil erosion assessment models. The research provides an analysis of errors in selecting DEMs using the original and increased grid space for soil erosion modelling.     

Geomorphological evidence for the Late Holocene evolution and the Holocene lake level maximum of the Aral Sea

During the Holocene the Aral Sea underwent various transgressive and regressive phases of different magnitudes. However, previous work has not yet fully clarified the evolution and chronology of the individual phases. Research presented here throws light on the evolution of the Aral Sea during the past  2000 years. It includes field surveys, tachymetric and DGPS-derived altitude measurements, analysis of sediments from two areas of the northern and southern Aral Basin (Tastubek Bay and Karaumbet Bay), and their correlation with GIS-based lake area models. Geomorphological and sedimentological evidence from the study areas shows a transgression of the Aral Sea around 200 AD, ending at a lake level maximum of 54 to 55 m. After a medieval regression, the lake reached this level again between the late 16th and early 19th century AD. The digital elevation model SRTM-3 was used to estimate a lake size of 72,400 km² for the lake level maximum.Elevated palaeoshorelines, specifically at 72–73 m, are completely absent in the study areas. Local remains of escarpments at elevations of 66 m and 73 m are due to resistant Miocene caprock and are therefore not interpretable as shoreline features.     

The influence correction of boreal forest vegetation on SRTM data

The digital elevation model based on SRTM is very convenient for a wide range of studies but requires correction due to the influence of forest vegetation. The present study was conducted to analyse the effect of boreal forests on altitudes, aspects and slopes calculated from the SRTM. A DEM based on topographic maps at 1:100 000 scale was used as a reference. The linear regression analysis showed low data correlation in forested areas. The presence of different types of forests and felling in the woods leads to a complex distribution of deviations from the SRTM. A simple correction method was proposed, using a forest mask, built according to Landsat, and forest heights indicated on the topographic maps. After correction, the correlation coefficient between the altitudes increased by 0.05–0.14, the share of matching aspects by 1–4% and the share of matching slopes by 2–8%.     

黄河源区阿尼玛卿山典型冰川表面高程近期变化

阿尼玛卿山位于青藏高原的东缘,是黄河源区冰川分布比较集中的区域。该区域的冰川物质平衡变化研究对于冰川水资源评估及冰川对气候变化响应研究具有重要借鉴意义。通过TerraSAR-X/TanDEM-X数据的干涉测量方法获得阿尼玛卿山区冰川的高分辨、高精度的数字高程模型（DEM）,与SRTM DEM进行差分获得该区域冰川2000年至2013年间的表面高程变化。对比发现：近13 a来该区域典型大冰川表面高程整体均有所下降,唯格勒当雄冰川末端区域冰川表面高程平均下降（4.16±3.70）m,冰舌中部表面高程有所增加,冰川末端区域表碛覆盖范围有所增加;哈龙冰川表面高程从末端往上呈递减下降的趋势,平均下降（8.73±3.70）m;耶和龙冰川表面平均下降了（13.0±3.70）m,但从冰川末端往上1.6 km区段表面高程平均增加约25 m,冰舌中部表面高程下降明显,对比冰川编目数据、Landsat TM图像可知,该冰川在2000年至2009年间发生过跃动,冰川末端位置前进了约500 m。总体来说,即使存在个别冰川前进现象,该区域冰川在近13 a间仍处于退缩状态。     

Quantitative assessment of remotely sensed global surface models using various land classes produced from Landsat data in Istanbul

Digital elevation model(DEM) is the most popular product for three-dimensional(3D) digital representation of bare Earth surface and can be produced by many techniques with different characteristics and ground sampling distances(GSD). Space-borne optical and synthetic aperture radar(SAR) imaging are two of the most preferred and modern techniques for DEM generation. Using them, global DEMs that cover almost entire Earth are produced with low cost and time saving processing. In this study, we aimed to assess the Satellite pour l'observation de la Terre-5(SPOT-5), High Resolution Stereoscopic(HRS), the Advanced Space-borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer(ASTER), and the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission(SRTM) C-band global DEMs, produced with space-borne optical and SAR imaging. For the assessment, a reference DEM derived from 1∶1000 scaled digital photogrammetric maps was used. The study is performed in 100 km2 study area in Istanbul including various land classes such as open land, forest, built-up land, scrub and rough terrain obtained from Landsat data. The analyses were realized considering three vertical accuracy types as fundamental, supplemental, and consolidated, defined by national digital elevation program(NDEP) of USA. The results showed that, vertical accuracy of SRTM C-band DEM is better than optical models in all three accuracy types despite having the largest grid spacing. The result of SPOT-5 HRS DEM is very close by SRTM and superior in comparison with ASTER models.     

Analysis of SRTM data as an aid to hydrocarbon exploration in a frontier area of the Amazonas Sedimentary Basin,northern Brazil

The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) provided an unprecedented source of space-borne topographic information that has shown to be of particular interest for studies in densely vegetated tropical areas, such as Central Amazonia. The digital elevation models produced in that region show subtle details of the terrain that usually appear blurred in conventional remote sensing images. Interpretation of an SRTM-derived drainage network and geomorphometric features revealed several drainage anomalies, which are possibly the surface expression of buried morphostructural features. Integration with geological and geophysical ancillary data strongly suggested that interpreted features constitute potential structural sites for hydrocarbon exploration. However, due to their inferred nature, the structures herein identified are not by themselves a justification for drilling. However, they do provide information for planning seismic surveys, thus reducing costs of the exploration campaigns, as well as minimizing potential environmental impacts of such an enterprise in areas of tropical rain forests. Despite the relatively small size of the study area, it is expected that procedures presented in this paper can be successfully applied throughout the approximately 1,000,000 km² of sedimentary basins in the Brazilian Amazonian region.     

从SRTM数据提取长沙市的数字高程模型

航天干涉成像雷达技术是最近几年发展起来的对全球进行3维地形快速测图的高新技术,它标志着空间遥感技术从2维信息获取进入到3维信息获取的新阶段.本文以从SRTM数据中提取长沙市数字高程模型为例,介绍了通过逐步处理SRTM数据,得到应用于实践中的数字高程模型.同时还简要介绍了处理数据过程中所使用的一些软件.如Surfer,MATLAB,ENVI等.