高分三号卫星总体设计与关键技术

高分三号(GF-3)卫星作为我国首颗自主研制的C频段多极化SAR卫星,突破了多项关键技术。卫星在明确SAR载荷的体制和基本配置的基础上,围绕SAR载荷的需求开展卫星平台适应能力的分析以及载荷与平台之间的匹配性研究,形成了一系列卫星特点和技术创新点,主要技术指标达到或超过国际同类卫星水平。     

多回击负地闪先导通道的辐射和光学特征

利用闪电VHF窄带干涉仪辐射源定位系统和高速摄像系统,对青海大通地区一次有5次回击的负地闪放电过程进行了同步观测,对比分析了通道传输过程的辐射和光学特征.结果表明,光学通道亮度能补充VHF干涉仪定位先导通道的电流特征,VHF干涉仪定位弥补了光学设备拍摄弱放电和云内流光通道的不足;在通道分枝结构上,干涉仪定位的通道和光学通道呈现出很好对应.干涉仪定位分枝通道的辐射源点较明显,但分枝光学通道的出现明显落后于干涉仪定位辐射源通道.对用两种不同观测手段探测的先导通道进行速度计算,发现两者计算的直窜先导和直窜梯级先导速度量级一致,均为106m·s-1,但干涉仪在时间的获取及精确量化上有优势,干涉仪定位计算先导速度的精确度高于光学通道定位.     

合成孔径雷达森林资源监测技术研究综述

合成孔径雷达（Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR）技术凭借其全天时、全天候的成像能力以及对森林垂直结构信息敏感的特点,在森林资源监测中具有独特的优势,已成为当前森林资源遥感调查技术的研究热点.本文首先介绍了SAR森林资源监测技术的发展背景、发展轨迹和相关知识;然后,重点阐述了极化SAR、干涉SAR、极化干涉SAR和层析SAR在林地覆盖类型分类、变化检测以及森林参数定量化估测应用中的技术方法;最后,就SAR在森林资源监测研究和应用中存在的问题与发展趋势进行了总结与展望.     

An evaluation of the role played by remote sensing technology following the World Trade Center attack

Remote sensing technology has been widely recognized for contributing to emergency response efforts after the World Trade Center attack on September 11th, 2001. The need to coordinate activities in the midst of a dense, yet relatively small area, made the combination of imagery and mapped data strategically useful. This paper reviews the role played by aerial photography, satellite imagery, and LIDAR data at Ground Zero. It examines how emergency managers utilized these datasets, and identifies significant problems that were encountered. It goes on to explore additional ways in which imagery could have been used, while presenting recommendations for more effective use in future disasters and Homeland Security applications. To plan adequately for future events, it was important to capture knowledge from individuals who responded to the World Trade Center attack. In recognition, interviews with key emergency management and geographic information system (GIS) personnel provide the basis of this paper. Successful techniques should not be forgotten, or serious problems dismissed. Although widely used after September 11th, it is important to recognize that with better planning, remote sensing and GIS could have played an even greater role. Together with a data acquisition timeline, an expanded discussion of these issues is available in the MCEER/NSF report “Emergency Response in the Wake of the World Trade Center Attack; The Remote Sensing Perspective” (Huyck and Adams, 2002)     

Renewed uplift at the Yellowstone Caldera measured by leveling surveys and satellite radar interferometry

 A first-order leveling survey across the northeast part of the Yellowstone caldera in September 1998 showed that the central caldera floor near Le Hardy Rapids rose 24±5 mm relative to the caldera rim at Lake Butte since the previous survey in September 1995. Annual surveys along the same traverse from 1985 to 1995 tracked progressive subsidence near Le Hardy Rapids at an average rate of –19±1 mm/year. Earlier, less frequent surveys measured net uplift in the same area during 1923–1976 (14±1 mm/year) and 1976–1984 (22±1 mm/year). The resumption of uplift following a decade of subsidence was first detected by satellite synthetic aperture radar interferometry, which revealed approximately 15 mm of uplift in the vicinity of Le Hardy Rapids from July 1995 to June 1997. Radar interferograms show that the center of subsidence shifted from the Sour Creek resurgent dome in the northeast part of the caldera during August 1992 to June 1993 to the Mallard Lake resurgent dome in the southwest part during June 1993 to August 1995. Uplift began at the Sour Creek dome during August 1995 to September 1996 and spread to the Mallard Lake dome by June 1997. The rapidity of these changes and the spatial pattern of surface deformation suggest that ground movements are caused at least in part by accumulation and migration of fluids in two sill-like bodies at 5–10 km depth, near the interface between Yellowstone's magmatic and deep hydrothermal systems. Received: 30 November 1998 / Accepted: 16 April 1999     

海潮负荷对沿海地区宽幅InSAR形变监测的影响

海岸带地区是全球自然生态环境最为复杂和脆弱的地域之一,合成孔径雷达干涉测量（InSAR）技术可以为全球人类活动、气候变暖和俯冲带剧烈构造运动等背景下的大范围海岸带地理环境变化研究提供重要观测资料.海洋潮汐导致固体地球长周期形变,波长尺度为10²~10³ km的海潮负荷引入mm级至cm级的形变梯度,此类非构造信号对海岸带InSAR精密形变分析（如：大范围、微小、缓慢且非稳态构造过程等）造成显著影响.本文以宽幅模式SAR数据为例,基于多种海潮模型研究了全球典型海岸带地区（福建、智利和阿拉斯加湾）海潮负荷效应对宽幅InSAR形变监测的影响,给出了宽幅InSAR海潮负荷三维分量估计与差分相位提取方法,并进一步讨论了基于不同海潮模型估计海潮负荷位移的差异.海潮负荷影响不仅与研究范围大小有关,其形变梯度变化与研究区域地形特征存在强相关,对于长波长形变分析而言,传统平面或者曲面拟合方法难以有效分离海潮负荷位移.

     

基于相邻虚拟道叠加的超虚折射干涉法及其在广角OBS折射波增强中的应用

广角地震的远偏移距折射初至含有地下深层的信息,提高远偏移距折射波信噪比能够有效提高初至拾取精度,对于深部结构的层析速度建模十分有利.超虚折射干涉法基于干涉原理对远道折射波进行增强,它在炮点和检波点都非常密集的情况下效果较好.然而,在应用于台站间距较大且环境噪声较强的广角海底地震仪（OBS）观测时,该方法对折射波的增强能力不足,而且容易产生虚假波形,造成增强后的折射波信噪比仍然较低.针对这种情况,本文提出基于相邻虚拟道叠加的超虚折射干涉法,通过叠加相邻虚拟道来提高远道与近道互相关的准确度,以达到稳定增强远道折射波信噪比的目的.理论实验和实际资料测试均显示,基于相邻虚拟道叠加的超虚折射干涉法在台站间距较大和信噪比较低的情况下能够准确构建虚拟道,且增强后的波形同相轴连续程度和信噪比均较高,有利于拾取高精度的折射初至到时.本文方法也可用于增强陆上炮间距较大的广角地震数据折射波.

     

1D System identification of a 54‐story steel frame building by seismic interferometry

A 54‐story steel, perimeter‐frame building in downtown Los Angeles, California, is identified by a wave method using records of the Northridge earthquake of 1994 (M_L = 6.4, R = 32 km). The building is represented as a layered shear beam and a torsional shaft, characterized by the corresponding velocities of vertically propagating waves through the structure. The previously introduced waveform inversion algorithm is applied, which fits in the least squares sense pulses in low‐pass filtered impulse response functions computed at different stories. This paper demonstrates that layered shear beam and torsional shaft models are valid for this building, within bands that include the first five modes of vibration for each of the North–South (NS), East–West (EW), and torsional responses (0–1.7 Hz for NS and EW, and 0–3.5 Hz for the torsional response). The observed pulse travel time from ground floor to penthouse level is τ ≈1.5 s for NS and EW and τ ≈ 0.9 s for the torsional responses. The identified equivalent uniform shear beam wave velocities are β_eq ≈ 140 m/s for NS and EW responses, and 260 m/s for torsion, and the apparent Q ≈ 25 for the NS and torsional, and ≈14 for the EW response. Across the layers, the wave velocity varied 90–170 m/s for the NS, 80–180 m/s for the EW, and 170–350 m/s for the torsional responses. The identification method is intended for use in structural health monitoring. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于拉格朗日分解算法的SAR图像混合像元分解

为解决与光学遥感图像不同的合成孔径雷达(SAR)图像中存在大量混合像元的问题,本文提出了一种基于拉格朗日分解算法的SAR图像混合像元分解的方法,结合相关内容中具体定理的证明,文中给出拉格朗日分解算法用于SAR图像混合像元分解的系统的求解方法.用人工模拟SAR图像和ENVISAT SAR图像进行实验,结果表明拉格朗日分解算法的混合像元分解结果明显优于非约束类神经网络(文中实验以BP神经网络为例)的分解结果.     

Ground deformation of Nisyros Volcano (Greece) for the period 1995–2002: Results from DInSAR and DGPS observations

Differential GPS (DGPS) and Differential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (DInSAR) analyses were applied to the Kos-Yali-Nisyros Volcanic Field (SE Hellenic Volcanic Arc) to quantify the ground deformation of Nisyros Volcano. After intense seismic activity in 1996, a GPS network was installed in June 1997 and re-occupied annually up to 2002. A general uplift ranging from 14 to 140 mm was determined at all stations of the network. The corresponding horizontal displacements ranged from 13 to 53 mm. The displacement vectors indicate that the island is undergoing extension towards the East, West and South. A two-source “Mogi” model combined with assumed motion along the Mandraki Fault was constructed to fit the observed deformation. The best-fit model assumes sources at a depth of 5500 m NW of the centre of the island and at 6500 m offshore ESE of Yali Island. DInSAR analysis using four pairs of images taken between May 1995 and September 2000 suggests that deformation was occurring during 1995 before the start of the seismic crisis. An amplitude of at least 56 mm along the slant range appeared for the period 1996 through 1999. This deformation is consistent with the two-source model invoked in DGPS modelling. Surface evidence of ground deformation is expressed in the contemporaneous reactivation of the Mandraki Fault. In addition, a 600 m long N-S trending irregular rupture in the caldera floor was formed between 2001 and 2002. This rupture is interpreted as the release of surface stress in the consolidated epiclastic and hydrothermal sediments of the caldera floor.