高分三号卫星总体设计与关键技术

高分三号(GF-3)卫星作为我国首颗自主研制的C频段多极化SAR卫星,突破了多项关键技术。卫星在明确SAR载荷的体制和基本配置的基础上,围绕SAR载荷的需求开展卫星平台适应能力的分析以及载荷与平台之间的匹配性研究,形成了一系列卫星特点和技术创新点,主要技术指标达到或超过国际同类卫星水平。     

利用小基线集技术(SBAS)监测泉州地区地表形变

差分干涉测量(DInSAR)技术可用于监测厘米级甚至毫米级的地表形变。文中选用2007—2011年期间19景日本ALOS1/PALSAR数据,采用短基线集技术(SBAS)获取了该地区的形变时间序列和平均沉降速率。研究结果表明:泉州东南部地区整体上呈抬升态势,上升速率为5mm/a左右,主要是受到亚欧板块和西太平洋板块互相挤压作用的结果;泉州东南部有多处出现地表沉降,沉降的结果与泉州市统计的地区地下水开采数据相当吻合,因此沉降主要与地下水过度开采相关。     

自适应窗口的SAR立体影像匹配方法

针对SAR立体影像间几何畸变对影像匹配的影响,该文提出一种自适应窗口的SAR立体影像匹配方法。首先引入外部粗分辨率DEM,根据影像参数和DEM高程精度约束匹配搜索范围。然后采用归一化互相关和测度进行辅影像匹配窗口自适应扩展匹配,以保证主辅影像匹配窗口内的灰度信息一致;归一化互相关和值最大时的辅影像匹配窗口为最佳匹配窗口,最佳匹配窗口的中心点为获取的匹配点。最后利用双向一致性约束剔除误匹配点。试验结果表明,本文方法在山地区域能有效地增加正确匹配点数量,提高匹配正确率。     

Tropical land use land cover mapping in Pará (Brazil) using discriminative Markov random fields and multi-temporal TerraSAR-X data

Remote sensing satellite data offer the unique possibility to map land use land cover transformations by providing spatially explicit information. However, detection of short-term processes and land use patterns of high spatial–temporal variability is a challenging task.We present a novel framework using multi-temporal TerraSAR-X data and machine learning techniques, namely discriminative Markov random fields with spatio-temporal priors, and import vector machines, in order to advance the mapping of land cover characterized by short-term changes. Our study region covers a current deforestation frontier in the Brazilian state Pará with land cover dominated by primary forests, different types of pasture land and secondary vegetation, and land use dominated by short-term processes such as slash-and-burn activities. The data set comprises multi-temporal TerraSAR-X imagery acquired over the course of the 2014 dry season, as well as optical data (RapidEye, Landsat) for reference. Results show that land use land cover is reliably mapped, resulting in spatially adjusted overall accuracies of up to 79% in a five class setting, yet limitations for the differentiation of different pasture types remain.The proposed method is applicable on multi-temporal data sets, and constitutes a feasible approach to map land use land cover in regions that are affected by high-frequent temporal changes.     

SAR图像河流分割的加权指数区域能量模型

传统主动轮廓模型很难实现精确的SAR图像河流分割。针对这一问题,本文提出了一种加权指数区域能量主动轮廓模型,以精确地提取SAR图像中的河流。该模型在Chan-Vese(CV)模型能量泛函中引入了指数区域能量,能更好地衡量分割图像和原始图像的差异程度,提高模型的分割准确性。此外,利用目标区域和背景区域内像素灰度的最大绝对差取代模型中常值区域能量权重,自适应地调节目标区域和背景区域的能量比重,加速曲线运动到目标区域的边缘,获得更高的分割效率。针对实际河流SAR图像进行了分割试验,结果表明:与传统主动轮廓模型相比,本文提出的模型能更快速、精确地分割SAR图像中的河流,在分割结果和分割效率两方面具有优势。     

使用ERS-1/2干涉测量SAR数据生成DEM

干涉合成孔径雷达（ＩＮＳＡＲ）数据已被证明能生产精确的数据高程模型（ＤＥＭ），我们已开发了从单视ＳＡＲ复影像数据自动生成数字高程模型的新软件，基于ＳＡＲ多视强度影像的最小二乘曩像匹配被用于复影像对的配准，达到很高的配准精度（０．０１～０．０５像元精度）。一种新的计算目标点３维坐标（Ｘ，Ｙ，Ｚ）的方程还被提出，卫星轨道，姿态和基线参数以及相位常数被纳入在方程中并被表示了时间的线性函数，利用至少６个地面控制点能够同时估算这些参数，本文还给出了意大利埃特地区ＥＲＳ－１／２ＳＡＲ数据处理结果。     

Observational support for radiative pumping of SiO masers in evolved stars

SiO maser emission in AGB stars is found to be systematically distributed in ring structures, displaying tangential linear polarization. Using the VLBA, we have performed observations of such SiO maser emission at 43 GHz in the circumstellar envelopes of several late-type stars. We simultaneously mapped the v=1 and v=2, J=1–0 transitions. Our new maps show, for most spots, a systematic spatial shift between both maser lines. We discuss the implication of these results on the possible pumping mechanisms, concluding that the existing data favour radiative pumping schemes.     

水下运动物体及海底地形的SAR探测的初步研究(一)水下运动物体的SAR仿真影像分析

当物体在水中运动时,它所引起的流场变化会调制海水表面的小尺度波动,从而可以被合成孔径雷达（ＳＡＲ）所探测。本文建立了一个三维半隐式格式,对水下运动物体的绕流问题进行了数值计算。在袁业立有关海波高谱形式及ＳＡＲ影像原理的理论分析基础上,本文进一步计算了水下运动物体ＳＡＲ影像的Ｇ值分布图,并讨论了物体深度、海水水深、海表面主波方向对水下运动物体ＳＡＲ影像的影响。     

External atmospheric corrections in geodetic very-long-baseline interferometry

Three methods to correct for the atmospheric propagation delay in very-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI) measurements were investigated. In the analysis, the NASA R&D experiments from January 1993 to June 1995 were used. The methods were compared in correcting for the excess propagation delay due to water vapour, the “wet” delay, at one of the sites, the Onsala Space Observatory on the west coast of Sweden. The three methods were: (1) estimating the wet delay using the VLBI data themselves; (2) inferring the wet delay from water vapour radiometer (WVR) data, and (3) using independent estimates based on data from the global positioning system (GPS). Optimum elevation cutoff angles were 22^∘ and 26^∘ when using WVR and GPS data, respectively. The results were found to be similar in terms of reproducibility of the estimated baseline lengths. The shortest baselines tend to benefit from external measurements, whereas the lack of improvement in the longer baselines may be partly due to the large amount of data thrown away when removing observations at low elevation angles. Over a 2 week period of intensive measurements, the two methods using external data showed an overall improvement, for all baseline lengths, compared to the first method. This indicates that there are long-term systematic errors in the wet delay data estimated using WVR and GPS data. Received: 27 October 1998 / Accepted: 20 May 1999     

Renewed uplift at the Yellowstone Caldera measured by leveling surveys and satellite radar interferometry

 A first-order leveling survey across the northeast part of the Yellowstone caldera in September 1998 showed that the central caldera floor near Le Hardy Rapids rose 24±5 mm relative to the caldera rim at Lake Butte since the previous survey in September 1995. Annual surveys along the same traverse from 1985 to 1995 tracked progressive subsidence near Le Hardy Rapids at an average rate of –19±1 mm/year. Earlier, less frequent surveys measured net uplift in the same area during 1923–1976 (14±1 mm/year) and 1976–1984 (22±1 mm/year). The resumption of uplift following a decade of subsidence was first detected by satellite synthetic aperture radar interferometry, which revealed approximately 15 mm of uplift in the vicinity of Le Hardy Rapids from July 1995 to June 1997. Radar interferograms show that the center of subsidence shifted from the Sour Creek resurgent dome in the northeast part of the caldera during August 1992 to June 1993 to the Mallard Lake resurgent dome in the southwest part during June 1993 to August 1995. Uplift began at the Sour Creek dome during August 1995 to September 1996 and spread to the Mallard Lake dome by June 1997. The rapidity of these changes and the spatial pattern of surface deformation suggest that ground movements are caused at least in part by accumulation and migration of fluids in two sill-like bodies at 5–10 km depth, near the interface between Yellowstone's magmatic and deep hydrothermal systems. Received: 30 November 1998 / Accepted: 16 April 1999