盘锦芦苇湿地空气动力学参数动态特征及其影响因素分析

应用盘锦芦苇生态系统观测场的涡度相关通量观测系统和小气候梯度系统的观测资料,估算了芦苇下垫面的空气动力学参数,并分析了其影响因素。结果表明:芦苇湿地零平面位移d和粗糙度Z0的季节变化总体呈现先增加后减少的单峰曲线变化规律。Z0和d均在9月达到最大,分别为0.24 m和1.85 m;12月达到最小,分别为0.03 m和0.02 m。芦苇湿地的Z0和d的季节变化主要受叶面积指数(LAI)、株高(h)及风速的影响。d随h的增加而单调增加,Z0随着h的变化遵循二次曲线,d/h、Z0/h与LAI之间的复相关系数分别为0.99和0.78。研究亦表明,大气稳定度和风向也对d和Z0有一定的影响。     

Spatial Variability of Both Turbulent Fluxes and Temperature Profiles in an Urban Roughness Layer

The spatial variability of both turbulent flow statistics in the roughness sublayer (RSL) and temperature profiles within and above the canopy layer (CL) were investigated experimentally in a densely built-up residential area in Tokyo, Japan. Using five towers with measuring devices, each tower isolated from the others by at least 200 m, we collected high-frequency measurements of velocity and temperature at a height z=1.8 z _H, where z _H, the mean building height in the area, is 7.3 m. Also, temperature profiles were measured from z=0.4 to 1.8 z _H. The ‘areal mean’ geometric parameters that were obtained for the areas within 200 m of each tower were fairly homogeneous among the tower sites. The main results are as follows: (1) The spatial variability of all RSL turbulent statistics, except the sensible heat flux, was comparable to that reported in a pine forest. Also, the variability decreased with increasing friction velocity. (2) The spatial variability of the RSL sensible heat flux was larger than that reported in a pine forest. Also, the variability depended on the time of the day and became larger in the morning. The difference among the sites was well related to the areal fraction of vegetation. (3) The spatial variability of the CL temperature profile depended on the time of the day and became larger in the morning. Nevertheless, the spatial standard deviation of CL temperature was always below 0.7 K. (4) It is suggested that the “warming-up” process in the morning when heat storage is dominant increases the spatial variation of RSL sensible heat flux and CL temperature according to the local properties around each tower and the variation decreases once there is further convective mixing in the midday     

Influence of a Two-scale Surface Roughness on a Neutral Turbulent Boundary Layer

Flow in the urban boundary layer is strongly influenced by the surface roughness, which is composed principally of isolated buildings or groups of buildings. Previous research has shown that the flow regime depends on the characteristic height of these obstacles (H), and the spacing between them (W). In reality, the urban boundary layer contains roughness elements with a wide range of length scales; in many practical situations these can be classified into large-scale roughness—buildings, or groups of buildings—and small-scale roughness, such as street furniture and elements on the façades and roofs. It is important to understand how the small-scale roughness might modify mass and momentum transfer in the urban boundary layer, but relatively little information is available concerning the potential interaction between large- and small-scale roughness elements in the different flow regimes. This problem has been studied using wind-tunnel experiments, by measuring vertical velocity profiles over a two-dimensional obstacle array, adding small-scale roughness elements to the top of larger parallel square bars. The experiments were performed for different cavity aspect ratios: the results show that the small-scale roughness increases the turbulence intensities and the momentum transfer when the large-scale obstacles are closely packed (H/W > 1) but it has very little effect for more widely-spaced obstacles (H/W < 1).     

大规模风电场建成后对风能资源影响的研究

考虑了千万千瓦级风电基地建成后风电机群对近地面层风速的影响,采用Frandsen研究了大规模风电场内部风速损失时所使用的方法,在内边界层已经充分发展成新边界层的区域内,对轮毂高度65m处风速Uh进行了计算。结果表明,风电场建成后研究区内,风速Uh与未建场时的65m风速U0相比变小,存在风速损失,该风速损失随着U0的增大而减小,与风电机的推力系数CT性质有关;大规模风电场建成后,Uh在3～20m.s-1范围内的平均风功率密度与未建场时U0在此范围内的平均风功率密度相比损失约为58.45%,这与建场地区建场前65m处风速值大小以及各风速值出现的概率有关。     

Wind profiles,momentum fluxes and roughness lengths at Cabauw revisited

We describe the results of an experiment focusing on wind speed and momentum fluxes in the atmospheric boundary layer up to 200 m. The measurements were conducted in 1996 at the Cabauw site in the Netherlands. Momentum fluxes are measured using the K-Gill Propeller Vane. Estimates of the roughness length are derived using various techniques from the wind speed and flux measurements, and the observed differences are explained by considering the source area of the meteorological parameters. A clear rough-to-smooth transition is found in the wind speed profiles at Cabauw. The internal boundary layer reaches the lowest k-vane (20 m) only in the south-west direction where the obstacle-free fetch is about 2 km. The internal boundary layer is also reflected in the roughness lengths derived from the wind speed profiles. The lower part of the profile (< 40 m) is not in equilibrium and no reliable roughness analysis can be given. The upper part of the profile can be linked to a large-scale roughness length. Roughness lengths derived from the horizontal wind speed variance and gustiness have large footprints and therefore represent a large-scale average roughness. The drag coefficient is more locally determined but still represents a large-scale roughness length when it is measured above the local internal boundary layer. The roughness length at inhomogeneous sites can therefore be determined best from drag coefficient measurements just above the local internal boundary layers directly, or indirectly from horizontal wind speed variance or gustiness. In addition, the momentum and heat fluxes along the tower are analysed and these show significant variation with height related to stability and possibly surface heterogeneity. It appears that the dimensionless wind speed gradients scale well with local fluxes for the variety of conditions considered, including the unstable cases.     

不同下垫面湍流统计特征研究

利用戈壁、草原、郊区和城郊等不同下垫面进行的湍流观测资料,使用相同的湍流数据采集和处理方法,研究了不同下垫面湍流统计特征。结果表明：在不稳定层结下,三个方向分量风速归一化标准差σu／u*,σv／u*,σw／u*与稳定度参数z／L呈1／3幂次关系;水平方向速度归一化标准差随地表粗糙度的增加而降低,垂直方向的速度、温度和湿度没有明显差异。文中给出了不同下垫面近中性层结下风速归一化标准差的数值。研究还发现：较湿润地区的湿度统计特征与温度的相似。     

应用印痕函数研究测风塔资料代表性

影响测风塔代表性的因素很多,为了合理地确定测风塔观测结果能够代表的区域范围,需要通过适当的方法综合考虑这些因素。湍流通量代表性研究中常用的印痕函数是风速、稳定度、下垫面粗糙度等的函数,可以定量地刻画单点观测结果的代表性。利用印痕函数方法对中国风能资源观测网中来自不同下垫面的44个测风塔2010年的观测结果进行了测风塔资料的代表性分析。首先,根据两层(10、70 m)的风速和温度计算稳定度参数L_p并确定中性层结,粗糙度的计算选取了中性层结条件下满足对数风廓线的资料。然后,利用中性层结下70 m高度主导风向和风向频率较大方位的资料分析了两种印痕函数方法(Schuepp和Hsieh方法)的适用性及代表性范围与粗糙度的关系。两种方法得到的印痕函数对应距离(即代表性范围)比较接近。但是,在复杂山地Schuepp方法已不适用。当粗糙度小于10 m时,粗糙度与印痕函数对应距离的关系可用对数-线性函数描述。根据经验推荐了利用印痕函数积分90%对应的距离以及下垫面显著变化位置来确定测风塔代表范围。但是,印痕函数积分阈值仍需要通过示踪实验或数值模拟检验。     

岩石结构面的表面形态特征研究

本文用理论分析和数值模拟方法对具有不同粗糙度和起伏度的岩石结构面的形态特征作了定量研究, 着重研究了结构面表面形态参数与基本形态特征参数的关系, 并研究了它们的采样效应。得到了一系列在建立表面形态参数与物理量相互关系时对合理选用表面形态参数有重要意义的结果, 并可为选取合理的采样间隔和最小采样长度提供依据。     

Boundary-Layer Stress Instabilities in Neutral,Rotating Turbulent Flows

Boundary-layer instabilities are studied by analyzing the results of laboratory simulations of wall turbulence in a shear-driven rotating flow. The experiments were carried out in the Turin University Laboratory rotating water tank, where a circular flow was generated by either increasing (spin-up) or decreasing (spin-down) the rotation speed of the platform. The flow was measured using a Particle Image Velocimetry technique and the developed turbulence analyzed. Two cases were accounted for, in the former the measurements were performed over a smooth surface (bottom of the tank), while in the latter a rough-to-smooth transition was considered. The turbulent boundary layer developed inside the tank is analyzed by means of vertical profiles of mean and turbulent quantities and on the basis of drag coefficients. Then turbulent structures developed in the different cases are shown and discussed in terms of the vorticity fields. Finally, an analysis based on the concept of swirling strength was carried out to select among the vortex extremes those associated with a coherent structure.     

高大建筑物影响城市粗糙副层流场特征的数值研究

用数值模拟方法研究了高大建筑物对城市粗糙副层气流场特征的影响。数值模式采用基于雷诺平均纳维—斯托克斯方程组的应用计算流体力学FLUENT软件,次网格湍流参数化选用k-ε闭合方案。建筑物用立方体表示,并规则排列于模拟区域内。通过改变高大建筑物的数量与位置,对建筑物阵列内及其上空的气流特征进行了多个算例的数值模拟。依据模拟结果计算获得建筑物区域的面积平均风速廓线,结果表明各算例的粗糙副层风速廓线各不相同。运用动力学方法由风速廓线计算出各算例的零平面位移高度和粗糙度,并与几种计算零平面位移高度和粗糙度的形态学方法进行了比较检验。结果表明两种形态学方法(Ba、Ma)计算所得的零平面位移高度与动力学方法计算结果很接近,但对于粗糙度而言,几种形态学方法的计算结果都明显偏高。