青藏高原东缘地质环境对植被覆盖度的影响研究：以冕宁县为例

研究地质环境对植被覆盖度的影响,有利于认识地质本底对生态环境的影响,促进生态保护与修复。本文选择2003—2018年的MODIS归一化植被指数（NDVI）与增强型植被指数（EVI）的多年平均值与年际变化率作为植被覆盖度的静态和动态刻画指标,应用Pearson相关性统计揭示地质因素、地形因素、气象因素和人类活动因素对植被指数的静态相关影响,使用地理加权回归模型（GWR）分析影响因子与植被覆盖度在空间尺度的回归关系。研究结果表明：高程、年均气温和年蒸散发在Pearson分析中对NDVI/EVI平均值有较强相关性,而起伏度、年均气温、年蒸散发和地质复杂度等因子对NDVI/EVI年际变化率有较好的解释作用;GWR分析显示,靠近断层的位置有利于植被发育和改善;当地质复杂度处于中等水平时,更易形成中高植被覆盖,同时利于植被覆盖度提高,当地质复杂度过高时植被覆盖度更易出现中低值;海拔较低、地势平坦和阴坡等地形条件利于植被发育和植被覆盖度升高。     

Study on Distribution Rule of Geostress in Qinghai-Tibet Area

The distribution curve of the Ratios of the Average Horizontal Geostress and the Vertical Geostresses(RAHVG) varying with depth and regression equation were obtained in Qinghai-Tibet area of China for the first time by collecting and analyzing 200 in-situ measured geostress results based on the analysis of distribution rule of geostress in China. Then the geostress distribution rule and the characteristics were analyzed, and it is found that the geostress in Qinghai-Tibet area conforms to the geostress distribution rule in China, but the geostress in Qinghai-Tibet area is significantly subjected to tectonic squeezing and the tectonic geostress is very obvious in magmatic rock. The RAHVG of the magmatic rock varying with depth in Qinghai-Tibet area is significantly greater than that in China between the depth of 100 m and 800 m. It shows that the stress of the magmatic rock in Qinghai-Tibet area is significantly subjected to squeezing tectonic. The RAHVG of the sedimentary rock varying with depth in Qinghai-Tibet area is basically consistent with that in China, but the value in Qinghai-Tibet area is greater. It shows that the stress of the sedimentary rock in Qinghai-Tibet area is not significantly subjected to squeezing tectonic. The RAHVG of the metamorphic rock varying with depth in Qinghai-Tibet area is significantly greater than that in China. It shows that the stress of the metamorphic rock in Qinghai-Tibet area is subjected to squeezing tectonic in some degree. This study can provide references to the study of distribution characteristics of geostress in Qinghai-Tibet area. It also has important practical value for underground engineering survey, design, structural analysis and construction in Qinghai-Tibet area.     

Comparison between predictions using different simplified Newmarks' block-on-plane models and field values of earthquake induced displacements

The study is concerned with the assessment of simplified Newmarks' block-on-plane models available in the literature for evaluating the permanent earthquake induced displacements of cut slopes and embankments, and the recommendation of a well-verified model/procedure. For this purpose, incidents of earthquake induced displacements of geotechnical structures, were collected from worldwide literatures and used in the study. Actual values of displacements were compared with predictions using different models.Based on the analyses, interpretations and discussions in this study, it was concluded that the Nadim and Whitman method (Nadim F, Whitman RV. Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE 1983;109(GT7):915–931) is the most accurate method for obtaining the earthquake induced displacement. The correlation coefficient between predicted values using the Nadim and Whitman method and the actual recorded ones for geotechnical structures was 0.770; the highest among correlation coefficients for other methods.     

Gene Expression Programing for Estimating Suspended Sediment Yield in Middle Euphrates Basin,Turkey

Gene expression programing (GEP) is used to estimate the suspended sediment yield (SSY) in Euphrates River. SSY is considered to be a function of (i) discharge and (ii) time‐lagged discharge and SSY. The proposed models were trained to extrapolate natural stream data collected from five stations in Middle Euphrates Basin. A detailed sensitivity analysis is done to select the time‐lagged discharge and sediment yield variables. GEP implicitly evaluates the contribution of each independent variable on the fitness of candidate solution and eliminates the variable having no contribution. In this study, all input variables are observed to be included in the proposed GEP models, which prove the significance of each variable. Also, standard and modified sediment rating curves and regression‐based formulae are developed for the five stations. In verification, the estimations of GEP formulae agree well with the measured ones. The GEP models are evaluated by the results of the rating curves and regression formulae. In general, the GEP formulae give better results compared to the rating curves and regression‐based formulae.     

Factors affecting the durability of selected weak and clay-bearing rocks from Turkey, with particular emphasis on the influence of the number of drying and wetting cycles

Weathering can induce a rapid change of rock material from initial rock-like properties to soil-like properties. The resistance of a rock to short-term weathering is described through a durability parameter called the slake durability index. As durability is an important engineering parameter, particularly for weak and clay-bearing rocks, it was assessed by a number of tests. The main purpose of this study is to assess the influence of the number of drying and wetting cycles and controls of mineralogical composition and strength on durability. For this purpose, 141 samples of different types of weak and clay-bearing rocks were selected from different parts of Turkey, and relationships between the above-mentioned rock characteristics were statistically investigated. The samples were subjected to multiple-cycle slake durability testing, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and uniaxial compression testing. In addition, to assess the influence of mineralogical composition on durability, the mineral contents of the original material and the material passing from the drum of the slake durability apparatus after each cycle were also determined by XRD. The results indicate that the type and amount of clay minerals are the main factors influencing the variations of the slake durability index in all samples. The durability of the clay-bearing rocks studied correlates best with the amount of expandable clay minerals. A strong relationship between the uniaxial compressive strength and the fourth-cycle slake durability index is found only for the marls among the rock types studied. Assessment of gradation results of the spoil pile materials consisting of clay-bearing rocks also reveals that the increase in percentage of fines in old piles is indicative of material degradation, as is evident by multiple-cycle slaking. It is emphasized that two-cycle conventional slake durability testing did not appear to offer an acceptable indication of the durability of weak and clay-bearing rocks when compared with multiple-cyclic wetting and drying. Comments on the performance of the test are made that aim to make the testing process and interpretation of the results more reliable.     

运用BP网络预测地下水位

人工神经网络是一门新兴的交叉学科，是处理非线性问题的有效方法。本文把影响地下水位的因素集作为网络的输入向量，地下水位本身作为网络的输出向量，构成了预测地下水位的ＢＰ网络模型。一个实例的应用实践表明，用ＢＰ网络预测地下水位较准确地反映了客观实际，比其它方法如回归模型具有较高的拟合精度和预测精度。     

多层递阶回归分析

在经典多层递阶预报模型中,预报因子对模型的贡献大小主要取决于各因子间的相对量值差异,而与预报因子本身的实际预报价值关系甚微。本文针对这一缺陷,提出了一种回归分析与多层递阶方法相结合的统计预报模型——多层递阶回归分析。它既摒弃了经典统计理论中的固定参数预报模型,又较好地消除了由于变量间相对量值差异所造成的贡献差异,充分体现了高相关因子在预报模型中的重要作用。实例计算结果表明,多层递阶回归分析方法的预报效果明显优于经典多层递阶方法和回归分析。     

耀斑主相动力学模型的谱诊断

本文对一个耀斑主相动力学模型进行了谱诊断，包括同时计算ＣａＸＩＸ，Ｈα和ＣａＩＩＫ谱线轮廓演化系列．与地面光学观测及最新的Ｙｏｈｋｏｈ／ＢＣＳ观测结果比较显示，计算轮廓及其特性在实测的范围以内，从而说明该耀斑主相动力学模型在一般性反映耀斑主相演化方面的合理性，同时也意味着有相当一部分耀斑，其在主相演化过程中没有额外的加热源作用．     

Generation of resonance transition emissions in the solar atmosphere

We derive formulas for the radio flux generated in solar flares by the resonance transition mechanism. This mechanism is shown to produce the observed decimeter-wave emission in continuum radio bursts at a level of small-scale irregularities of ～10^?6–10^?7. Thus, an analysis of continuum decimeter emission offers a unique opportunity to study small-scale turbulence in solar flares.     

Mean sea level and the marine geoid—an analysis of concepts

The current ambition to achieve a 10‐cm marine geoid focuses attention on the interdisciplinary problem of relating oceanographic to geodetic measurements, and on the apparent conflict between them along the United States’ coasts. The concepts underlying the comparisons in this conflict are analyzed, and shown to leave a possibility of diffusing the deadlock by more precise reformulations. Concepts which have been equated in practical applications under less stringent accuracy requirements need to be refined and related more precisely through interdisciplinary efforts. An example is given of a geodetic utilization of density differences in the ocean, akin to but not the same as the idea of steric leveling, in order to highlight the similarity and dissimilarity between some geodetic and oceanographic ideas.