协同多源遥感数据的北亚热带森林蓄积量贝叶斯分层估测

精确估算森林蓄积量是国家实现2060年前碳中和目标的迫切需求,而基于遥感的森林蓄积量定量反演是当前遥感应用领域面临的重要挑战和研究热点.光学遥感数据由于无法获取森林高度信息并存在信号饱和问题,反演森林蓄积量的精度较低,而机载Lidar数据能获取高度信息,但成本高、观测范围有限.本研究利用Sentinel-2多光谱、资源...     

A New Species of Ginkgo with Male Cones and Pollen Grains in situ from the Middle Jurassic of Eastern Xinjiang, China

Well-preserved Ginkgo pollen organs are analyzed from the Middle Jurassic Xishanyao Formation of the Turpan–Hami Basin, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, northwestern China, and are described as a new species, Ginkgo hamiensis Z.X. Wang et B.N. Sun sp. nov. The immature male cones are cylindrical and catkin-like, with two longitudinal stripes on the stalk. The pollen sacs are shaped like a long oval with two pollen sacs fused together for each microsporophyll, and the microsporophyll tip is a triangular cystidium. The pollen grains are oblong or fusiform and monocolpate; both ends are blunt or sharp. By comparison with previously reported fossil records of Ginkgo plants, we determined that the current fossils are different from all other reported species; thus, the present fossil is referred to as a new species of Ginkgo. The reproductive organs of the Ginkgo fossils described herein can provide valuable information for the study of Ginkgo plants. Further, there are two probable evolutionary trends in the Ginkgo pollen cones. One trend is that the number of pollen sacs changed from three or four during the Jurassic and Cretaceous to two at the present day; the other is that the number of pollen sacs has remained two from the Middle Jurassic to the present day. In addition, the pollen cones described herein are similar to the pollen cones of the extant Ginkgo, which strongly indicates that the morphology of Ginkgo plants may have remained highly conserved over millions of years.     

Topographic changes of a supply‐limited inland parabolic sand dune during the incipient phase of stabilization

Topographic surveys on an inland parabolic sand dune over a six‐year period provide insight into the effects of diminishing local sand supply on dune stabilization. During the interval (2003–2009) sparse vegetation cover (Psoralea lanceolata) increased despite drier than normal moisture conditions and steady wind power during the growing season. Whereas these climatic conditions are typically ascribed to sustaining or increasing dune activity, here they coincide with stabilization. Through the use of geographic information system (GIS) analysis of volumetric changes it is shown that the increase of P. lanceolata can be attributed to the reduction of local sand supply from two blowouts along the arms of the parabolic dune during the six‐year period. These results show that climate is not the only control on dune activity in vegetated inland dunefields. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

新疆自然地名特征

从语种(言)、自然地名通名的自然属性、时段、自然地名专名渊源等四个方面对选取的新疆1120个重要自然地名进行分类,在分类统计的基础上,运用地名语言分析学和地理学相关原理方法分析得出新疆自然地名特征。研究发现:以山体类和水体类自然地名为主,分别占总数的40.5%、35.3%,尤其以山脉(272条)和河流(214条)类自然地名最多,分别占总数的24.3%、19.1%。通名名称的数量及其出现的早晚与人们关注程度以及自然学科研究发展是密切相关的。各民族的聚居及迁徙使新疆自然地名具有浓厚的民族性。自然地名存在10种以上民族语地名以及其他古语和合璧语地名分布的独特现象,各民族对自然地名专名和通名称谓不尽相同。在新疆的自然地名中存在着大量地名通名的叠加,如"塔格山"、"郭勒河"、"库木沙漠"、"布拉克泉"等。民族语地名的空间分布和当地居民的民族成分存在很大的相关性。维吾尔语自然地名的53.6%都分布在和田和喀什地区;哈萨克语自然地名的73.2%分布在伊犁哈萨克自治州直辖市县、阿勒泰地区和哈密地区;蒙古语自然地名的64.3%分布在阿勒泰、博尔塔拉、巴音郭楞和伊犁等地、州。博尔塔拉蒙古自治州有96%的自然地名是蒙古语地名,克孜勒苏自治州的柯尔克孜语地名占到柯尔克孜语总地名的81.6%。自然地名形成和发展具有历史演替性(历史阶段性),保存至今的古语地名仅占2.9%,语源较为复杂并且一些古老的地名在使用过程中已被取代或消失;近现代地名数量最大,并且语种明显易于区别。自然地名专名类型复杂多样,共计13类,从多个方面反映出新疆的资源概况、环境以及人们的心理状态、意识形态以及人们的生活或生产方式等,其中以地物、形态、地名以及颜色类居多;在颜色类中又以黑色、白色最多。文章对新疆现存自然地名存在的问题进行了讨论,发现民族语言的差别造成了新疆自然地名存在多地同名、一地多名和地名的转音现象;此外,自然地名实体之间也存在着等级从属关系。     

近50多年来澜沧江流域农业灌溉需水的时空变化

利用澜沧江流域云南境内8 个气象站1950s-2007 年的逐月气象数据,现状作物种植、农业耕作、田间水分管理等资料,应用Mann-Kendall 法和R/S 分析法,探索50 多年来流域区的干湿变化、农业灌溉定额转折变化趋势及分布规律。结果表明：年、季平均温度普遍地显著升高,降水量干季增加、湿季减少;大部分地区的参照作物腾发量ET0在年度及干、湿季都呈增加趋势,仅在流域中段大理、剑川、耿马的部分时段为减少,干湿指数大多数地区都是降低;水稻及农业综合灌溉需水定额从流域上游到下游逐渐呈减少、增-减并存到增加的趋势。气象因子、ET0、干湿指数、水稻灌溉及农业综合灌溉定额发生转折变异现象都集中在澜沧江中下段的耿马、思茅、景洪、勐腊等地,且时间系列的转折变异点在1960s-1990s 的各个时期均有出现。水稻灌溉定额随纬度方向变化的相关系数为0.513,随海拔高程变化为0.610,最高值出现在维西,最低值为勐腊;农业综合灌溉定额受作物种植结构和水稻种植面积的影响较大,二者相关系数达到0.826,但其与纬度、海拔的变化规律不明显,最高值在大理,最低值在维西。灌溉定额在小范围内的多样性变化,表明在纵向岭谷特殊环境对地表水汽输送、气温和气流场分布等的“通道-阻隔”作用下,澜沧江河谷农业灌溉需水量时空变化的复杂性。     

近45年来托木尔峰青冰滩72号冰川变化特征

基于天山托木尔峰青冰滩72号冰川2008年高精度差分GPS测量资料,2009年末端重复测量数据以及1964年地形图,通过对比研究近45 a来该冰川的变化特征,结果表明:1964~2009年,青冰滩72号冰川末端退缩1 852 m,年均后退41 m,由此造成面积减少约为1.53 km²,年均减少0.03 km²;1964~2008年,冰舌平均减薄9.59±6 m,年均减薄约0.22±0.14 m,冰储量亏损达14.1±8.8×10^-3 km³(12.7±7.9×10^-3 km³ w.e.)。与天山其它区域典型监测冰川相比,青冰滩72号冰川消融强烈,是区域气候、末端海拔、冰川类型、表碛覆盖等因素综合影响的结果。     

福建地区地震震源深度特征的统计分析

根据福建数字地震台网记录的地震震源深度资料, 统计分析了1998年7月至2008年6月期间福建及邻区M_L≥1.0并有震源深度参数且观测精度为1类地震1431次。 采用0.4°×0.4°网格和以0.2°为滑动步长, 统计了网格内地震的平均深度, 并绘制了平均深度等值线图。 分析结果表明: ① 福建地区地震震源深度总体上呈现东南深、 西北浅的特征, 东南沿海地区平均震源深度大于14 km, 西北地区平均震源深度小于10 km; ② 平均震源深度等值线展布大致呈NE向, 在福建南部地区平均震源深度在沿NE向展布基础上, 还受到NW向断裂控制, 断裂构造通过的地区平均震源深度相对较深; ③ 福建地区地震动力成因与中国大陆其他地区有所不同。     

Estimation of Site Effects on Stations in the Capital Circle Region Using the Generalized Inversion Method

Generalized Inversion Method has been used to estimate the spatial variation of site effects,using the digital data of SH-waves recorded by 63 stations in the Capital Circle Region of China from 2001 to 2006.We gained the site effects of all stations participating in the calculation.We found that the site effect of rock was stabile and about 1.0 from 1.0Hz to 10.0Hz,while the site effect of deposit was high in low frequencies,about 3 ～ 7 from 1.0Hz to 8.0Hz,and the site effect was protuberant at about 5.0Hz,then fell as the frequency increased.The result shows the shape and intensity of station site effects are mainly influenced by the lithology below the station,and possibly also by the local geological structure.     

退耕还林对牡丹江区域生态环境脆弱性的影响研究

从脆弱生态系统的特征入手,选取景观分离度、分维数倒数、破碎度3个反映景观稳定性及抗干扰能力的景观格局指数,并结合土壤侵蚀强度构成区域生态环境脆弱性的敏感因子,针对研究区地形,以景观生态适宜度作为生态系统自我恢复能力的表征,构建了牡丹江区域生态环境脆弱度评价模型。评价结果表明:（1）退耕还林前后景观类型脆弱度均表现为旱田>建设用地>水田>林地>未利用土地>水域>沼泽>草地;（2）研究区生态脆弱度表现为以脆弱度高值区为中心呈环状向四周递减的趋势,脆弱度高值区面积比重由退耕前的21.57%减小到退耕后的17.11%,脆弱度低值区面积比重由退耕前的63.14%增加到退耕后的67.66%;（3）生态脆弱度高值区域主要分布在200~400m的海拔高度,0~8°的坡度范围内,且退耕后面积比例呈下降趋势,而低值区域则分布在>300m海拔高度的各个坡度范围内,且退耕后面积比例呈上升态势。研究结果符合研究区实际状况。概言之,退耕还林缓和了研究区生态脆弱度状况,促进了生态环境质量向良好方向发展。     

Dry spells assessment with reference to the maize crop in the Luvuvhu River catchment of South Africa

Agricultural productivity in South Africa is negatively affected by drought as a result of frequent periodic dry spells and increasing crop water demands resulting in poor crop development and low yields. Thus, we embarked on this study which aims at investigating dry spell occurrences in relation to growing season of maize in the Luvuvhu River Catchment. Daily rainfall data (1945–2014) from 12 stations which represent the catchment fairly well was utilized in this study. Three consecutive planting dates were staggered based on three consecutive onsets of the rainy season. Dry spells were categorized into three groups: short, medium and long dry spells. The data was then subjected to theoretical distribution fitting using the Anderson–Darling goodness-of-fit test; and probabilities of occurrence were computed using a probabilistic model that best fits the data. Trend analysis was performed on the frequency of dry spells per growing period using the non-parametric Spearman's rank correlation test. Out results indicated high probabilities (≥80%) of short dry spells at all the stations irrespective of the timing of planting. Further analysis revealed that a risk of yield reduction with planting following the first onset of rains was higher than that with planting following the second and third onsets. In order to minimize this risk, farmers can be advised to plant between mid-November to mid-December. Trend analysis indicated no trend for all the various dry spell lengths except for Thohoyandou with a decreasing trend and Sigonde with a weak increasing trend in long dry spells. Such findings can be used to describe drought conditions for improvement of agricultural productivity and food security, in a given area.