Towards a predictive model to assess the natural position of the Posidonia oceanica seagrass meadows upper limit

The upper portion of the meadows of the protected Mediterranean seagrass Posidonia oceanica occurs in the region of the seafloor mostly affected by surf-related effects. Evaluation of its status is part of monitoring programs, but proper conclusions are difficult to draw due to the lack of definite reference conditions. Comparing the position of the meadow upper limit with the beach morphodynamics (i.e. the distinctive type of beach produced by topography and wave climate) provided evidence that the natural landwards extension of meadows can be predicted. An innovative model was therefore developed in order to locate the region of the seafloor where the meadow upper limit should lie in natural conditions (i.e. those governed only by hydrodynamics, in absence of significant anthropogenic impact). This predictive model was validated in additional sites, which showed perfect agreement between predictions and observations. This makes the model a valuable tool for coastal management.     

Selection of spectrum- and seismo-compatible accelerograms for the Tuscany region in Central Italy

This article illustrates the results of a study aimed at developing a methodology for the automatic identification of the seismic input at outcropping rock sites and flat topographic conditions necessary to carry out non-linear dynamic analysis of structures and geotechnical systems. The seismic input is provided in terms of a set of 7 natural accelerograms recorded on outcropping rock and satisfying the average spectral compatibility requirements prescribed by the Italian seismic code (NTC08).The study focuses on the territory encompassing Tuscany region in Central Italy and it has been carried out for six return periods, which are 50, 75, 101, 475, 712 and 949 years. The procedure involved four main steps: (1) grouping of the response spectra with similar features; (2) definition of the reference response spectrum for each group; (3) selection of spectrum-compatible accelerograms using the reference response spectrum of each group; and (4) linear scaling of the accelerograms to satisfy the compatibility requirement with respect to other response spectra of the group. The last step is implemented through an interactive, user-friendly program named SCALCONA 2.0, which provides the seismic input in agreement with the site location and return period specified by the user. The program is freely available at the following web site: http://www.rete.toscana.it/sett/pta/sismica/01informazione/banchedati/input_sismici/progettazione/index.htm.     

基于参考线圈和变步长自适应的磁共振信号噪声压制方法

核磁共振地下水探测仪的灵敏度高,接收到的纳伏级磁共振探测信号极易受到强工频谐波噪声的干扰,导致信号特征参数提取的准确度降低,影响反演解释的水文地质参数结果.为了解决这一难题,基于相关抵消的原理,针对全波磁共振信号,设计带有参考线圈的90°移相自适应噪声抵消系统,理论计算了参考线圈相对于探测线圈的距离,提出变步长LMS算法进行噪声压制.仿真结果表明,在不同的信号强度及不同的信噪比下,当信号与工频谐波干扰频谱不重合时,采用设计的自适应噪声抵消系统和变步长算法,信噪比可以提高到5.94 dB以上,初始振幅、弛豫时间特征参数的拟合误差在2.8%以内;当信号与工频谐波干扰频谱重合时,采用双向自适应滤波算法,信噪比可以达到5dB以上,初始振幅、弛豫时间特征参数的拟合误差在10%以内,可以满足实际应用的要求;实测数据处理进一步证明了方法的有效性.     

Offshore wind capital cost estimation in the U.S. Outer Continental Shelf—A reference class approach

Offshore wind power developed rapidly in Northern Europe in the first decade of the 21st century and is expected to spread to Southern Europe, North America and Asia before 2020. To date, no projects have been built offshore North America because of the high development costs and economic risk and uncertain profitability. The purpose of this paper is to review the development cost of constructing offshore wind farms to inform the U.S. market. The capital expenditures of a reference class of 18 European wind farms constructed after 2005 with monopile foundations are normalized to proxy U.S. capital cost. Regression models are developed to investigate the physical features that influence expenditures. U.S. capital costs are expected to range between $4 and $5.6 million/MW for projects built between 2012 and 2015. Capital costs increase with increasing water depth and steel prices. For most farm components, capital expenditures are expected to be similar in Europe and the U.S., but the installation markets differ and this may impact the reliability of the reference class approach.     

The Reference Manure Concept for Transformation Tests of Veterinary Medicines and Biocides in Liquid Manure

Veterinary medicines and biocides are frequently applied in animal houses of livestock husbandry. Due to these application patterns, they reach liquid manure. So far these substances are not transformed during manure storage, they enter soil by the application of manure as organic fertilizer. Therefore, biodegradability of veterinary medicines and biocides in manure is in the focus of regulatory procedures of environmental risk assessment. Since the representative and reproducible sampling of manures from high volume tanks is considered impossible due to high matrix variabilities, the reference manure concept was developed to utilize liquid bovine and pig manures for reproducible laboratory testing. Accordingly, excrement samples of cattle and pigs individually kept at experimental and conventional animal houses were taken. Tap water was added to matrix characterized excrements in order to prepare bovine and pig reference manures of 10 and 5% dry substance contents, respectively. Subsequently, the long‐term transformation of selected ¹⁴C‐labeled test substances was investigated under strictly anaerobic conditions. The application of different batches of bovine or pig reference manures indicated that extrapolation of transformation rates within the same animal species was possible. However, results cannot be transferred from bovine to pig manure because of substance specific interactions with the different manure matrices. The dependency of metabolic dynamics on different dry substance contents (2.5, 5, 10%) was additionally investigated in both manure matrices. These tests clearly showed that the dry substance content of the reference manure is one of the most relevant factors affecting the transformation of veterinary medicines and biocides. In contrast to highly variable tank manures, the reference manure concept allows for the exact adjustment of this parameter to guarantee reproducible laboratory testing.     

江汉平原连续运行参考站网络系统建设

江汉平原连续运行参考站网络系统(JH-CORS)是以荆州市国土资源管理局土地勘测规划院GNSS站为系统控制中心,连接公安县、石首市、监利县、松滋市、洪湖市、仙桃市、潜江市、宜都市和嘉鱼县土地勘测规划院GNSS站的区域GNSS参考站系统。主要介绍了JH-CORS系统建设的主要内容、目标及项目建设的实施情况,供相关技术人员参考。     

区域性CORS系统监测地表形变的可行性

连续运行卫星定位服务系统(简称为CORS)已经在国内外广泛建立,CORS在维护区域大地测量基准和城市测绘工作中得到了非常广泛的应用。但在城市地面沉降监测方面,仍存在基准站的稳定性、测量精度对平面及高程形变影响等问题。这里提出了一套完整的基于CORS系统变形监测网的稳定性分析的方法和流程。采用秩亏自由网平差,以位移向量一次性范数最小原则求取监测网点最合理的位移量及权阵。采用正态分布函数对监测点的位移显著性进行检验。结合武汉市地面沉降监测项目,分析评价了武汉市连续运行卫星定位服务系统(简称为WHCORS)用于城市地表形变监测的可行性。     

GPS CORS系统实时定位精度检测方法探讨

GPS连续运行参考站系统(CORS)的实时动态定位(RTK)精度是用户最关心的内容.简要介绍了影响系统定位精度的主要因素,对GPS CORS系统的实时定位精度测试方法进行了探讨,并对几种测试方法进行了分析和比较.工程试验结果表明:综合使用几种方法,可以较全面、有效地检测GPS CORS系统的实时定位精度.     

太原基准地震台数字地震仪震级偏差分析及校正

选用太原基准地震台2008年至2009年的数字化地震仪面波震级资料,以中国地震台网中心正式报告给出的震级为标准震级,进行了震级偏差统计分析。结果表明,该台的绝大部分震级偏差△M≤0．2级,部分地区地震震级偏差较大（超过0．3级）需进行校正。     

《国际汉语能力标准》中值得商榷的地方——兼与《欧洲语言共同参考框架:学习、教学、评估》比较

通过对《国际汉语能力标准》的考察,同时与《欧洲语言共同参考框架:学习、教学、评估》比较,发现《国际汉语能力标准》存在三个方面的问题:结构不合理、内容有缺失以及评级等级标准不科学,以此研究结果为《国际汉语能力标准》的修订提供参考。