The circulation of the Indian Ocean at 32°S

Using inverse methods a circulation for a new section along 32°S in the Indian Ocean is derived with a maximum in the overturning stream function (or deep overturning) of 10.3 Sv at 3310 m. Shipboard and Lowered Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) data are used to inform the choice of reference level velocity for the initial geostrophic field. Our preferred solution includes a silicate constraint (−312 ± 380 kmol s⁻¹) consistent with an Indonesian throughflow of 12 Sv. The overturning changes from 12.3 Sv at 3270 m when the silicate constraint is omitted to 10.3 Sv when it is included. The deep overturning varies by only ±0.7 Sv as the silicate constraint varies from +68 to −692 kmol s⁻¹, and by ±0.3 Sv as the net flux across the section, driven by the Indonesian throughflow, varies from −7 to −17 Sv with an appropriately scaled silicate flux constraint. Thus, the overturning is insensitive to the size of the Indonesian throughflow and silicate constraint within their apriori uncertainties. We find that the use of the ADCP data adds significant detail to the horizontal circulation. These resolved circulations include the Agulhas Undercurrent, deep cyclonic gyres and deep fronts, features evidenced by long term integrators of the flow such as current meter and float measurements as well as water properties.     

Use of late ovarian atresia in describing spawning history of sardine, Sardina pilchardus

We investigated and compared the pattern of accumulation of recent and late atretic follicles in the ovaries of Iberian sardine, Sardina pilchardus, in relation to body size with the aim to examine whether late atresia can be used in back-calculations of individual spawning history. Oppositely to earlier stages, late atresia in sardine was shown to accumulate even at peak spawning periods in fish of larger size/age indicating a relationship between atretic intensity and the distant reproductive performance of the individuals. Despite the fact that intensity of late atresia was very high in some occasions, its accumulation was not shown to impede imminent spawning activity. Lack of dependence between imminent spawning activity and the intensity of late atresia was related to the differential pattern with which postovulatory and atretic follicles are associated to the lamellar epithelium of the ovary. Finally, the effect of the ‘reference trap’ which is a major source of bias when quantifying structures in stereological measurements, could be mediated or even completely removed by using a measure of ovarian growth, such as gonosomatic index in the present study, as a covariate when modeling variability in the intensity of atresia.     

A study on the reference frame consistency in recent Earth gravitational models

All gravity field functionals obtained from an Earth gravitational model (EGM) depend on the underlying terrestrial reference frame (TRF), with respect to which the EGM’s spherical harmonic coefficients refer to. In order to maintain a coherent framework for the comparison of current and future EGMs, it is thus important to investigate the consistency of their inherent TRFs, especially when their use is intended for high precision studies. Following the methodology described in an earlier paper by Kleusberg (1980), the similarity transformation parameters between the associated reference frames for several EGMs (including the most recent CHAMP/GRACE models at the time of writing this paper) are estimated in the present study. Specifically, the differences between the spherical harmonic coefficients for various pairs of EGMs are parameterized through a 3D-similarity spatial transformation model that relates their underlying TRFs. From the least-squares adjustment of such a parametric model, the origin, orientation and scale stability between the EGMs’ reference frames can be identified by estimating their corresponding translation, rotation and scale factor parameters. Various aspects of the estimation procedure and its results are highlighted in the paper, including data weighting schemes, the sensitivity of the results with respect to the selected harmonic spectral band, the correlation structure and precision level of the estimated transformation parameters, the effect of the estimated differences of the EGMs’ reference frames on their height anomaly signal, and the overall feasibility of Kleusberg’s formulae for the assessment of TRF inconsistencies among global geopotential models.     

虚拟参考站（VRS）在汶川地震灾区应急测绘基准建设中的应用

随着测绘技术的不断进步,基于虚拟参考站VRS（Virtual Reference Station）技术的出现,为RTK测量提供了新的技术平台,给测绘行业带来了革命性的变化。本文就VRS技术在汶川地震灾区应急测绘基准建设中的成功运用做了详细的介绍和分析,对同类型的测绘基准建设有着很好的参考和借鉴作用。     

发达国家资源安全供应模式及其借鉴意义

资源安全供应是保障国民经济持续健康发展的必要条件。阐述了发达国家资源安全供应的3个模式：比较优势模式、贸易一投资模式和系统论模式。通过实例，就模式的作用机理进行了简要分析。结合我国的实际情况，借鉴发达国家资源安全供应的经验，就我国资源的安全供应提出了4个方面的建议。     

A review of algebraic constraints in terrestrial reference frame datum definition

 Station coordinates are combined with velocities estimated by space geodesy techniques to produce the International Terrestrial Reference System. The input is sets of coordinates and velocities calculated by International Earth Rotation Service analysis centers using space geodesy techniques. The working reference system of individual analysis centers is generally conventionally defined. However, the implications of such processing can have an effect on the resulting combined set. The problem of datum definition as a function of coordinate combinations is reviewed. In particular, the problem of minimum constraints is clearly emphasized and the reference system effect is defined. The goal is to build a process that could be used generally to remove uncertainties in the underlying coordinate system without disturbing the underlying information with additional unnecessary information. Received: 25 January 1999 / Accepted: 20 September 2000     

K-Ar法地质年龄国家一级标准物质ZBH-25黑云母的研制

ZBH-25黑云母采自北京房山花岗闪长岩体。它的~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar 阶段加热实验结果表明,~(40)Ar~*在矿物晶格中保存均匀稳定,年龄谱平坦,~(39)Ar 析出量高达96%,~(40)K-~(40)Ar~*同位素体系封闭良好,证明该黑云母结晶以后未受过热扰动。坪年龄为133.0±0.3Ma,总气体年龄为132.1±0.6Ma;~(36)Ar/~(40)Ar-~(39)Ar/~(40)Ar 反等时线年龄为133.1±1.3 Ma,~(40)Ar/~(36)Ar 初始值为293.5±1.6,与大气氩丰度比(295.5±0.5)处于同一范围,表明样品不含过剩氩。激光显微探针单颗粒坪年龄为132.8±0.2Ma,年龄谱和 K/Ca 谱线平坦,激光熔样总气体年龄为131.3±0.2Ma(图6)。这几个 Ar-Ar 年龄的一致性,说明样品具有良好的均匀性和稳定性,是理想的 K-Ar 和 Ar-Ar 法年龄标准物质。对均匀性检验数据进行统计学方法检验,在0.05显著性水平下,证明 K 和~(40)Ar~*的 F 分布值小于 F 临界值,说明该样品是均匀的。国内外14个实验室参加了 K 含量的定值分析,15个实验室参加了~(40)Ar~*含量的定值分析,经统计学方法检验,结果显示全部定值数据都服从正态分布并具等精度。在置信概率为0.95时,~(40)Ar~*和 K 含量的相对标准偏差都小于0.5%。两个特性量值定值分析结果的一致值和不确定度分别为:~(40)Ar~*=1.817±0.013×10~(-9)mol/g,K=7.60±0.02%,K-Ar 年龄(标准值)=132.9±1.3Ma(2σ).此标准物质纯度为98.8%,粒度为0.25-0.63mm,总重量为5800g,缩分成最小样品单元共400瓶,每瓶重量为14.5g。可供我国 K-Ar 和 Ar-Ar 法同位素年代学实验室使用120年。     

Modeling thermal deformation of VLBI antennas with a new temperature model

Temperature variations at very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) sites cause thermal deformations of the VLBI antennas and corresponding displacements of the VLBI reference points. The thermal deformation effects typically contain seasonal and daily signatures. The amplitudes of the annual vertical motion of the antenna reference point can reach several millimeters, depending on the design of the antenna structure, on the material, and on the environmental effects such as global station position, station height and climatology effects. Simple methods to correct this effect use the difference of the environmental temperature with respect to a defined reference temperature, the antenna dimensions, the elevation of the antenna, the material of antenna structure. Applying these simple models for thermal deformation in the VLBI data analysis improves the baseline length repeatability by 3.5%. A comparison of these simple models with local thermal deformation measurements at the antennas in Onsala and Wettzell show that the local measurements and the modeled corrections agree well when the temperature of the antenna structure is used, but agree less good when the surrounding air temperatures are used. To overcome this problem we present a method to model temperature penetration into the antenna structures, that allows to model thermal deformation effects that agree with the observed vertical deformation of the Onsala and Wettzell radio telescopes with a root mean square deviation of 0.07 and 0.13 mm, respectively. Possible implementations in the VLBI analysis are presented, and the definition of an adequate reference temperature is discussed.     

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利用SLR计算地心运动方法研究

Three methods for calculation of geocenter motion are intruduced.