多普勒雷达资料同化对江苏一次飑线过程的数值模拟

应用新一代中尺度预报模式WRF模式及其3DVar同化系统, 针对江苏地区2009年6月14日飑线过程进行了多普勒雷达资料的同化试验研究, 在对雷达资料进行严格质量控制的基础上, 设计一系列尺度化因子优化调整及同化频率的敏感性试验。试验结果表明:同化后初始场得到不同程度改善, 适当的尺度化因子设定, 能够有效改进对模式初始场中700 hPa风场和850 hPa温度场以及组合反射率因子等要素的分析, 进而改善短时降水预报和风暴的垂直结构配置;并且同化频率越高, 对初始场的组合反射率因子分布与观测更为接近, 短时降水预报越准确。     

First definitive observations of meteor shower particles using a high-power large-aperture radar

We present the first clear observations of meteor shower activity from meteor-head echoes detected by a high-power large-aperture radar (HPLAR). Such observations have been performed at the Jicamarca VHF radar using its interferometric capabilities allowing the discrimination of meteor shower echoes from the much more frequent sporadic meteors. Until now, HPLARs were unable to distinguish meteor shower from the much more common sporadic meteor ones. In this work we have been able to detect and characterize the η-Aquariids (ETA) as well as the Perseids (PER) showers. The shower activity is more conspicuous for the ETA than for the PER shower due to the more favorable geometry. Namely, PER meteors come from low elevation angles, experiencing more filtering due to the combined Earth-atmosphere-radar instrument. In both cases, there is an excellent agreement between the measured mean velocity of the shower echoes and their expected velocity, within a fraction of 1 km s⁻¹. Besides the good agreement with expected visual results, HPLARs observe meteors with a variety of particles sizes and masses, not observed by any other technique. Taking into account the different viewing volumes, compare to optical observations Jicamarca observes more than 1000 times more ETA meteors. Our results indicate that Jicamarca and other HPLARs are able to detect the echoes from meteor showers, but without interferometric capabilities such populations are difficult to identify just from their velocity distributions, particularly if their velocity distributions are expected to be similar to the more dominant distributions of sporadic meteors.     

Near-Earth asteroid surface roughness depends on compositional class

Radar observations of 214 near-Earth asteroids (NEAs) reveal a very strong correlation of circular polarization ratio with visible-infrared taxonomic class, establishing distinct differences in the centimeter-to-several-decimeter structural complexity of objects in different spectral classes. The correlation may be due to the intrinsic mechanical properties of different mineralogical assemblages but also may reflect very different formation ages and collisional histories. The highest ratios are measured for groups associated with achondritic igneous rocky meteorites: the E class, whose parent body may be 3103 Eger, and the V class, derived from the mainbelt asteroid (and Dawn mission target) 4 Vesta.     

Fluvial channels on Titan: Initial Cassini RADAR observations

Cassini radar images show a variety of fluvial channels on Titan's surface, often several hundreds of kilometers in length. Some (predominantly at low- and mid-latitude) are radar-bright and braided, resembling desert washes where fines have been removed by energetic surface liquid flow, presumably from methane rainstorms. Others (predominantly at high latitudes) are radar-dark and meandering and drain into or connect polar lakes, suggesting slower-moving flow depositing fine-grained sediments. A third type, seen predominantly at mid- and high latitudes, have radar brightness patterns indicating topographic incision, with valley widths of up to 3 km across and depth of several hundred meters. These observations show that fluvial activity occurs at least occasionally at all latitudes, not only at the Huygens landing site, and can produce channels much larger in scale than those observed there. The areas in which channels are prominent so far amount to about 1% of Titan's surface, of which only a fraction is actually occupied by channels. The corresponding global sediment volume inferred is not enough to account for the extensive sand seas. Channels observed so far have a consistent large-scale flow pattern, tending to flow polewards and eastwards.     

风廓线雷达资料在乌鲁木齐一次大暴雪过程分析中的应用

利用常规观测、自动站逐时降水量、乌鲁木齐市风廓线雷达及ECMWF1°×1°再分析等资料,对2018年10月17—18日乌鲁木齐雨夹雪转大暴雪过程进行分析。结果表明,大暴雪是在低空西北气流与中高层西南急流叠加并维持的有利环流背景下,由700～850 hPa风切变、风速辐合、地面冷锋及地形强迫抬升等多尺度系统共同作用造成的。强降雪时雷达探测高度维持较高达7500 m,随着降雪结束探测高度明显降低。水平风场表明低空西北急流与中高层偏南急流形成的垂直风切变廓线的维持,是强降雪持续的动力条件。大气折射率结构常数C_n~2、垂直速度的大小与雨雪的开始、结束时间有较好的对应关系,且低层较强偏北风与C_n~2大值区相对应,降雪时低层垂直速度为0.8～1.2 m·s~(-1),雨或雨夹雪时垂直速度为1.8～2.5 m·s~(-1)。因此,水平风向风速、C_n~2和垂直速度的垂直变化对暴雪短临预报有很好的参考价值。     

卫星云图,雷达数字化回波图在预报徐州暴雨中的应用

本文使用历史暴雨天气过程的卫星云图资料,进行数字处理,统计归纳,并结合雷达数字化资料和天气分析、数值预报产品、能量场分析,总结出一些以卫星资料为主,能使用于日常短期到短时预报暴雨的结论。     

Submesoscale eddies in the East China Sea detected from SAR images

Seven-year(2005–2011) Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR) images are applied to study oceanic eddies in the East China Sea. It is found that most of these eddies detected from the SAR images are less than 10 km, which are submesoscale eddies. Seasonal differences are evident in the distribution of eddies, with the highest and the lowest number of eddies noted in summer and winter, respectively. Since slick streaks in SAR images look dark, an eddy identified due to the slicks is referred to as "black eddy". As a result of wave-current interactions in the zones of current shear, it can be seen that an eddy exhibits a bright curve, the eddy is called "white eddy". During the seven years, 95 black eddies and 50 white eddies are identified in the study area. Black eddies are found in the whole study area while white eddies are mainly distributed in the vicinity of the Kuroshio Current. This study suggests that the distribution of the white eddy is denser around the Kuroshio because of the strong shear in the Kuroshio region. In terms of the eddy sizes, white eddies are generally smaller than black eddies.     

Lightning and Doppler radar observations of a squall line system

A typical squall line with damaging wind and hailstones occurred on 28 April 2006 in Shandong Province, middle eastern China, and caused great economic loss. The characteristics of cloud-to-ground lightning (CG) in the squall line were studied in detail by combining the data from the ground-based CG location network, two Doppler radars and the Lightning Imaging Sensor on the TRMM satellite. Results show that positive CG flashes accounted for 54.7% of the total CG flashes. During the initial developing stage, the CG flash rate was lower than 0.5fl min^{− 1} and most of the CG flashes were positive. It increased significantly, up to 4.5fl min^{− 1}, along with the rapid development of the squall line, and the percentage of positive CG was more than 75% during this period. The CG flash rate began to decrease but the percentage of negative CG flash increased gradually and exceeded that of positive CG during the mature and dissipating stages. Positive CG flashes tended to occur on the right flank and negative ones on the left flank. Strong wind at the surface occurred in or near the regions with dense positive CG flashes. Almost all positive CG flashes occurred near the strong radar echo regions, in the front parts of the squall line. However, the negative CG flashes almost exclusively occurred in the regions with weak and uniform radar echoes. The total flash rate in the storm was very high, up to 136fl min^{− 1}, and its ratio of intracloud flashes (IC) to CG flashes was 35:1. Dense positive CG flashes corresponded to updraft regions, they did not occur in the core of the updraft, but just behind and close to the main updraft instead. The rear inflow jet, between 3 and 6 km, played an important role in the formation of the bow echo and very strong wind at surface. The CG distribution features in the squall line were obviously different from that of an ordinary MCS. The charge structure could be roughly described as an inverted charge structure.     

基于CloudSat卫星资料分析东太平洋台风的云、降水和热力结构特征

利用2006～2010年的CloudSat热带气旋过境数据集资料,依据风速大小划分为不同演变阶段,对各阶段内东太平洋台风的云、降水和热力结构进行综合分析。结果表明:雷达反射率在5 km高度上下的分布截然相反,沿径向回波强度和顶高不断减小。各类云沿径向和垂直方向的分布差异较大,而深对流云的垂直尺度和发生概率始终较大。有效粒子半径、分布宽度参数和冰水含量随高度减小而粒子数浓度却增大,沿径向各冰云参数以及降雨率都不断减小。各阶段降雨率总体上夏季大于秋季,沿纬向各季节在不同阶段的分布各异。内核区降雨率近似服从指数分布且对暖的海面温度SST较为敏感,其与雷达反射率的散点分布集中在三个区域内。内核区5～10 km高度存在暖核结构,其下方恰好对应湿心区,而10 km以上相对湿度距平较大值区对应台风顶部的卷云罩。各阶段4.5 km以上为对流性稳定层结而该高度以下的层结特性各异,此外假相当位温沿径向不断减小。